Web Mining Homework

A Recommender displacement Based On nett Data Mining for Personalized E- cognition Jinhua sunlight Department of figurer Science and Techno put downy Xiamen University of Technology, XMUT Xiamen, China emailprotected edu. cn Yanqi Xie Department of Computer Science and Technology Xiamen University of Technology, XMUT Xiamen, China emailprotected edu. cn AbstractIn this root, we introduce a blade entropy dig olution to e- encyclopedism body to honour incomprehensible patterns strategies from their makeers and net selective information, place a personalized suggester system that uses entanglement exploit techniques for recommending a student which ( nigh) linkups to visit within an adaptable e- breeding system, propose a new model found on selective information minelaying engine room for building a wind vane-page recommender system, and demonstrate how data exploit engineering digest be effectively utilize in an e- skill environment.KeywordsData excavation s ack log,e- acquire recommender readily interpreted by the analyst. A virtual e- learning frame escape is proposed, and how to c every(prenominal) forth e-learning through blade data mining is discussed. II. RELATED WORK I. cornerst un duplicateable With the rapid development of the ground Wide sack, tissue data mining has been extensively utilize in the past tense for analyzing huge collections of data, and is onlinely existence applied to a variety of domains 1. In the recent years, e-learning is becoming honey oil practice and widespread in China.With the development of e- acquire, considerable amounts of learning courses be available on the e-Learning system. When entering e-Learning System, the disciples are unable to know where to demoralize to learn with various courses. Therefore, students waste a lot of eon on e-Learning system, but dont get the effective learning result. It is real difficult and time consuming for educators to thoroughly track and assess alone the activities performed by all learners.In inn to over uprise much(prenominal) a problem, the recommender learning system is required. Recommender systems are utilize on many web web sites to jockstrap users find interesting events 2, them predict a users preference and suggest items by analyzing the past preference familiarity of users, e-learning system is applied on the footing of the method. The users learning route is given and then provides the germane(predicate) learners useful messages through dynamically searching for the appropriate learning pen.This paper recommends learners the mattering activities or learning profile through the engineering of net Mining with the purpose of helping they adopt a proper learning profile, we describe a framework that aims at solution to e-learning to discover the hidden insight of learning profile and web data. We demonstrate how data mining technology advise be effectively applied in an e-learning environment. The f ramework we propose takes the results of the data mining process as input, and converts these results into actionable knowledge, by enriching them with information that can beThe route where the learner browses through the web pages go out be noned down in Web log, carries on the technology of Web mining through Learning Profile and Web log, and canvasss from the materials colligate to link reign over. It can be found the best learning profile from this information. These learning profiles combine with the broker and put them on the learning website. Furthermore, the Agent recommends the function of learning profiles on learning website. Therefore, the learner testament occupy a better learning profile.This chapter briefly illustrates the relevant contents including e-Learning, Learning Profile, Agent, Web Data mining and connecter normal. A. E-learning E-learning is the online delivery of information for purposes of education, readiness, or knowledge management. In the Information age skills and knowledge need to be continually updated and refreshed to wield up with todays fastpaced work environment. E-learning is also growing as a delivery method for information in the education field and is becoming a major learning activity. It is a Web-enabled system that makes knowledge accessible to those who need it.They can learn anytime and anywhere. E-learning can be useful both as an environment for facilitating learning at schools and as an environment for efficient and effective corporate training 3. B. A Glance at Web Data Web habitude mining performs mining on web data, particularly data stored in logs managed by the web emcees. All accesses to a web site or a web-based action are introduce by the web horde in a log containing chronologically ordered proceeding indicating that a given URL was requested at a given time from a given machine using a given web client (i. e. browser).As rendern in table 1, Web log contains the website hit informa tion, such(prenominal) as visitors IP address, date and time, required pages, and posture code indicating. The web log raw 978-1-4244-4994-1/09/$25. 00 2009 IEEE data is required to be converted into database format, so that data mining algorithms can be applied to it. TABLE I. WEB LOG EXAMPLES Web logs 172. 158. 133. 121 01/Nov/2006234600 -0800 disembowel /work /assignmnts/midterm-solutions. pdf HTTP/1. 1206 29803 2006-12-14 002356 209. 247. 40. 108 168. 144. 44. 231 GET /robots. txt 200 600 119 cxxv HTTP/1. 0 www. a0598. com ia_archiver sefulness and certainty of a rule respectively 5. Support, as proceeds of a rule, describes the proportion of transactions that contain both items A and B, and self-assertion, as validity of a rule, describes the proportion of transactions containing item B among the transactions containing item A. The connective rules that satisfy user specified minimum fend for threshold (minSup) and minimum confidence threshold (minCon) are called st rong association rules. D. Web Mining for E-learning Learning profile help learner to keep a record of their current knowledge and understanding of e-learning and elearning activities.Web mining is the application of data mining techniques to discover meaningful patterns, profiles, and trends from both the content and usance of Web sites. Web usage mining performs mining on web data, particularly data stored in logs managed by the web master of ceremoniess. The web log provides a raw trace of the learners navigation and activities on the site. In order to process these log entries and extract valuable patterns that could be used to sidetrackn the learning system or help in the learning evaluation, a significant cleaning and interpretation phase needs to take place so as to prepare the information for data mining algorithms 6.Web server log files of current common web servers contain insufficient data upon which to base thorough analysis. The data we use to construct our recomm ended system is based on association rules. E. tribute Using stand Rules One of the known examples of data mining in recommender systems is the discovery of association rules, or item-to-item correlations 7. Association rules take been used for many years in merchandising, both to analyze patterns of preference across harvest-feasts, and to recommend products to consumers based on other products they excite selected.Recommendation using association rules is to predict preference for item k when the user preferred item i and j, by adding confidence of the association rules that wealthy person k in the result part and i or j in the condition part 4. An association rule expresses the relationship that one product is often purchased along with other products. The chip of possible association rules grows exponentially with the number of products in a rule, but constraints on confidence and support, combined with algorithms that build association rules with item sets of n items fr om rules with n-1 item sets, sheer the effective search space.Association rules can form a very weightlift supportation of preference data that may better efficiency of memory board as well as transaction. In its simplest implementation, item-to-item correlation can be used to identify matching items for a single item, such as other clothing items that are commonly purchased with a pair of pants. more than powerful systems match an entire set of items, such as those in a customers shopping cart, to identify appropriate items to recommend. The web data is massive since the visitors every click in the website will leave several records in the tables.This also allows the website owner to track visitors behavior elaborate and discover valuable patterns. C. Data Mining Techniques The term data mining refers to a broad spectrum of mathematical modeling techniques and software tools that are used to find patterns in data and user these to build models. In this place setting of reco mmender applications, the term data mining is used to describe the collection of analysis techniques used to infer pass rules or build passport models from self-aggrandising data sets.Recommender systems that incorporate data mining techniques make their testimonials using knowledge learned from the actions and attributes of users. Classical data mining techniques include classification of users, purpose associations between different product items or customer behavior, and clustering of users 4. 1) assemble Clustering techniques work by identifying groups of consumers who appear to have similar preferences. one time the clusters are created, averaging the opinions of the other consumers in her cluster can be used to make predictions for an individual.Some clustering techniques represent for each one user with partial interlocking in several clusters. The prediction is then an average across the clusters, plodding by degree of participation. 2) Classification Classifiers ar e general computational models for assignment a category to an input. The inputs may be vectors of features for the items being separate or data about relationships among the items. The category is a domain-specific classification such as malignant/benign for tumor classification, approve/reject for credit requests, or intruder/authorized for security checks.One way to build a recommender system using a classifier is to use information about a product and a customer as the input, and to have the output category represent how strongly to recommend the product to the customer. 3) Association Rules Mining Association rule mining is to search for interesting relationships between items by finding items ofttimes appeared together in the transaction database. If item B appeared frequently when item A appeared, then an association rule is denoted as A B (if A, then B).The support and confidence are two measures of rule pursuit that reflect III. WEB DATA MINING FRAMEWORK FOR E-COMMERCE R ECOMMENDER SYSTEMS A. A optic Web Log Mining architecture for Personalized E-learning Recommender System In this section, we present A Visual Web Log Mining Architecture for e-learning recommender to enable personalized, named V-WebLogMiner, which relies on mining and on visualization of Web service log data captured in elearning environment. The V-WebLogMiner is such a odel with the mining technology and analysis of web logs or other records, the system could find learners interests and habits. plot of ground an old learner is visiting the website, the system will automatically match with the active session and recommend the some relevant hyperlinks what the learner interests. As shown in Figure1, V-WebLogMiner is a multi-layered architecture capable to deal with both Web learner profiles and traditional Web server logs as input data. It maintains one-third main divisions data preprocessing mental faculty, Web mining module and recommendation module. ) Web Mining Module The Web mining module discovers valuable knowledge assets from the data repository containing learners personal data by executes the mining algorithms, tracked data of learners performance and behavior, automatically identify each learners frequently sequential pages and store them to recommend database. When the learner visit the site next time, hyperlinks of those pages will be added so that the learner could direct link to his individual pages being remembered.The major component of Web mining module is Web data mining which acts as a conductor unequivocal and synchronizing every component within the module. The Web data mining module is also responsible for interfacing with the storage. The learning profile evaluation component provide profiling tool to collect personal data of learner and tracking tool to observe learners actions including like and dislike information. For personalization applications, we apply rule discovery methods individually to every learners data.To discov er rules that describe the behavior of individual learner, we use various data mining algorithms, such as Apriori 8 for association rules and CART (Classification and Regression Tress) 9 for classification. 3) Recommendation Module The recommendation module is a recommendations engine it is in charge of bulk freight rate data from course database, executing SQL commands against it and provides the distinguish of recommended links to visualization tools.For the recommendation module, recommendations engine is responsible for the synchronizing process indexing and mapping, is a component for storing and searching recommend assets to be used in the learning process. The recommendation engine considers the active learners in conjunction with the recommended database to provide personalized recommendations, it directly related to the personalization on the website and the development of elearning system. The task of the recommendation engine is to pin down the type of the learner onli ne and compute recommendations based on the recent actions of that learner.The stopping point is based on the knowledge attained from the recommended database. The recommender engine is activated each time that the learner visits a web page. First, if there are clusters in the recommended database, then the engine has to classify the current learner to determine the most likely cluster. We have to communicate with the engine to know the current number of pages visited and average knowledge of the learner. Then, we use the centroid minimum distance method 10 for duty assignment the learner to the cluster whose centroid is closest to that learner.Finally, we make the recommendation consort to the rules in the cluster. So, only the rules of the corresponding cluster are used to match the current web page in order to obtain the current list of recommended links 11. 4) The Visualization tools Visualization tools should be used to present unvoiced and useful knowledge from recommendat ions engine, Web services usage and composition. Data can be viewed at different levels Figure 1. A visual web mining architecture for Personalized E-learning Recommender System ) Data Preprocessing Module The data preprocessing module is set of programs used to prepare data for further processing. For congressman extraction, cleaning, transformation and loading. This module uses Web log files and learner profile files to give the data repository. The data preparation component is used to parse and transform plain ASCII files produced by a Web server to a step database format. This component is important to make the architecture independent from the Web server supplier. of granularity and abstractions as patrolled coordinates graphs 12, 13.This visual model easy shows the interrelationships and dependencies between different components. Interactively, the model can be used to discover sensitivities and to do approximate optimization, etc. B. The Procedure of the Data is Explaine d As show in figure 1, the beginning learner, that is to say the earliest one, will study in the e-Learning teaching platform. The course materials of Web studying system come from the course database. The data of learners learning profiles may be recorded in the learner profile files and Web log files.Then next step is to find out the best learning profile from the proceeded data of Web log through web mining to proceed with Association rule and others data mining algorithm. These learning profiles need to be classifiedevery field has relevant courses and better learning profiles. The recommender engine will offer the list of recommended links when learners study the courses. With the above information and learning profiles, when the future learners study in Web, recommender engine offers related link lists according to recommend database. However, these link lists may not be suitable for all learners.Therefore, after finishing recommendation every time, there are systems of assess ing. The learner (n +1) evaluates the learning profiles that are recommended. Because the profiles analyzed by system may not be perfect, if there are adjustments of evaluation would make the recommendation set to learners asks more. These suggestions can help learners navigate better relevant resources and fast recommend the on-line materials, which help learners to select pertinent learning activities to improve their performance based on on-line behavior of successful learners.IV. CONCLUSION AND afterlife WORK There are some possible extensions to this work. Research for analyzing learners past studying pattern will enable to detect an appropriate. Furthermore, it will be an interesting research area to effectively judge session boundaries and to improve the efficiency of algorithms for web data mining. ACKNOWLEDGMENT The authors gratefully acknowledge the pecuniary subsidy provided by the Xiamen Science and Technology Bureau under 3502Z20077023, 3502Z20077021 and YKJ07013R pr oject. REFERENCES 1 2 D. J. H and, H. Mannila, and P. Smyth.Principles of Data Mining. MIT Press, 2000. J. B. Schafer, J. A. Konstan, and J. Riedl. Recommender systems in ecommerce. In ACM Conference on Electronic Commerce, pages 158166, 1999. Liaw, S. & Hung ,H. How Web Technology Can facilitate Learning. Information Systems Management, 2002. Choonho Kim and Juntae Kim, A Recommendation algorithm Using Multi-Level Association Rules, Proceedings of the 2003 IEEE/WIC International Conference on Web Intelligence, p. 524, October 13-17, 2003. J. Han and M. Kamber, Data Mining Concepts and Techniques, Morgan Kaurmann Publishers, 2000 Za ane, O.R. & Luo, J. Towards evaluating learners behaviour in a web-based distance learning environment. In Proc. of IEEE International Conference on Advanced Learning Technologies (ICALT01), p. 357 360, 2001. Sarwar, B. , Karypis, G. , Konstan, J. A. , & Reidl, J. Item-based collaborative Filtering Recommendation Algorithms. Proceedings of the Tenth Int ernational Conference on World Wide Web, pp. 285 295, 2001. R. Agrawal et al. , Fast denudation of Association Rules, Advances in Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining, AAAI Press, Menlo Park, Calif. , 1996, chap. 12. L. Breiman et al. Classification and Regression Trees, Wadsworth, Belmont, Calif. , 1984. MacQueen, J. B. Some Methods for classification and Analysis of multivariate Observations. In Proceedings of of 5-th Berkeley Symposium on Mathematical Statistics and Probability, 1967, pp. 281297. Cristobal Romero, Sebastian Ventura and Jose A. Delgado et al. , Personalized Links Recommendation Based on Data Mining in Adaptive educational Hypermedia Systems, Creating New Learning Experiences on a Global Scale,2007, pp. 292-306. Inselberg, A. Multidimensionl detective, In IEEE Symposium on Information Visualization, 1997, vol. 00, p. 00-110 . Ware, C. Information Visualization Perception for Design,Morgan Kaufmann, New York, 2000. 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Recommender systems have emerged as powerful tools for helping users find and evaluate items of interest. The research work presented in this paper makes several contributions to the recommender systems for personalized e-learning. First of all, we propose a new framework based on web data mining technology for building a Web-page recommender system. Additionally, we demonstrate how web data mining technology can be effectively applied in an e-learning environment. 11 12 13

Volcanic Assignment

Melanie Brooke Yeakley 1. What is the myth from which ventes get their name? It comes from the little island of Vulcano in the Mediterranean Sea off Sicily. Centuries ago, the people living in this country believed that Vulcano was the chimney of the think over of Vulcanthe blacksmith of the Roman gods. They thought that the animated lava fragments and clouds of dust erupting from Vulcano came from Vulcans forge as he beat out thunderbolts for Jupiter, king of the gods, and weapons for Mars, the god of war. 2. What is the contravention between magma and lava? Molten rock below the surface of the Earth that rises in volcanic vents is known asmagma, but after it erupts from a volcano it is calledlava 3. What argon the main types of volcanoes? cinder cones, composite volcanoes, shield volcanoes, and lava domes. 4. The Hawaiian Islands be what type of volcano? How tall is Mauna Loa? Shield volcanoes 13,677 feet above sea aim 5. What type of volcanoes are the most violent? Plinian 6 . Are all eruptions akin? Describe the type of eruption of Mt. St Helens? No It involves the explosive ejection of comparatively viscous lava, it can send ash and volcanic gas tens of miles into the air.The resulting ash fallout can affect large areas hundreds of miles downwind. Fast-moving deadly pyroclastic flows 7. The Pacific dodge of Fire is an example of volcanoes that hold at ___________ _____________. Plate boundary The Hawaiian Islands are examples of ____-________ ______________. Intra plate 8. What are some of the common methods used to need volcanic related phenomena? Measurement of changes in the shape of the volcano circumstantial determination of the location and magnitude of earthquakes by a well-designed seismic interlock Measurement of changes in volcanic-gas composition and in magnetic field 9.Go to first appearance to granite and play with the clickable map. This photo shows an excellent example of a phaneritic (coarse grained) texture. These type of text ures form from the slow cooling of plutonic or intrusive igneous rocks. What is the sound mineral? Igneous rock potassium feldspar 10. Why is granite analogous ice woof? The analogy is humorous, but good. Both ice cream and granite start out as liquids which when cooled became solid, and both will melt over again if the temperature gets hot enough. Bothice creamand granite choke crystalline when they become solid. Part 2 Most of these questions can answered using your text. Chapter 6) 11. What two criteria are used to identify igneous rocks? Chemical content and grain size 12. What distinguishes mafic from felsic igneous rocks? (hint think about chemistry) Felsic rocks have more quartz in them. Mafic rocks tend to contain magnesium-rich minerals like olivine and pyroxene. 13. What are three controls on the melt down of rock material? Mineral composition, temperature, pressure 14. What are the tectonic settings associated with the administration of basaltic composition magmas ? Basaltic composition magmas occur in oceanic hotspots where a mantle plume interacts with oceanic lithosphere. 5. What is the tectonic setting for the establishment of intermediate composition magmas? Convergent boundaries 16. How would you distinguish between an intrusive and volcanic igneous rock? Intrusiveigneous rocks cooled below the surface of the planet, volcanicrocks are formed from magma at or above the surface of the planet, 17. What is magmatic specialty? The process by which chemically different igneous rocks, such as basalt and granite, can form from the same initial magma 18. Which volcanic hazard is the guide cause of death? (section 6. 8) Asphyxiation as peopled breath hot gas and ash

Adjective Lesson Plan: Teaching with PPP Essay

It is important that advanced students vocabulary continuously progresses. This learning plan explains how to teach rude(a) adjectives.Date 14 July 2013Class Level Level 7 Advanced StudentsLength of Lesson1 hour 5 minutesLesson persona & SubjectVocabulary adjectives.Materials Needed Pictures of weather, realia (abnormally large fruit/object, flower) and worksheet.Lesson Objective Students allow learn about parvenu adjectives and incorporate them. Descriptions of verbs will be communicatory and non-verbal (writing).AssumptionsStudents have a good understanding of adjectives and how to order them in a sentence. But students repetitively describe nouns with the same adjectives (describing something as amazing or beautiful frequently, without being aware of other adjectives like spectacular and gorgeous). judge tasks & SolutionsProblemCommitting new adjectives to memory.SolutionAdjective drill incorporating different nouns to describe.ProblemStudents are struggling with sentence structure.SolutionExplain where the adjective is laid in a sentence. Give examples SS restate.Problem pronunciation of words.SolutionPronunciation drill.Strategy 1 interaction Patterns TS & STTiming 20 minutes.Purpose of mental process To interest students pre-teach new adjectives. Connect adjectives with nouns. Describe translates and objects for a clearer meaning. Practice new vocabulary with guidance of the teacher.Presentation* Introduce the topic in an arouse fashion and illustrate how students seat apply it in their lives. Advanced adjectives that can be discussed stunning, gorgeous, spectacular, huge and immense. * fall out out objects like flowers, an abnormally large fruit etc. * ensure the new adjectives, compare them with similar adjectives that they already know. * Teach necessary grammar and structures requi office to describe nouns. The adjective is said before the noun. * Elicit the names of the objects and object lesson the use of adjectives, describing th ese objects. This is a large apple. This is a gorgeous flower. Students repeat and agree or disagree. * Introduce pictures of other objects like the weather. Elicit what the picture is depicting e.g. sunset or rainstorm. Model some basic sentences development the new adjectives, so that the meaning is clear. What a stunning sunset It is a spectacular rainbow. The immense cloud is covering the sky. Ss repeat.Strategy 2Interaction Patterns TS & ST & SSTiming 25 minutes.Purpose of Procedure Confirm new vocabulary through practice identify written vocabulary.* In pairs, SS have intercourse a fill-in-the-blanks (with options) exercise. The exercise is a conversation, with blank spaces that students need to fill in, requiring the run-in that was learnt in class. They will have a come of adjectives that they can use. E.g. She has a _______ smile.. * Students compare terminations by answering them out loud The first answer is stunning. * Game Two teams are created. Each team is given a noun, and each team gets five minutes to write a list of sentences with adjectives describing that noun. The lists are compared when the time is up. The team with the most adjectives wins.Strategy 3Interaction Patterns TS & SSTiming20 min.Purpose of Procedure Students produce vocabulary independently and advanced adjectives are reinforced.Production1. Students see photos of famous sights the Egyptian pyramids, the Louvre, the Eiffel mainstay etc. Elicit where these sights are found and why they were built teacher assists students if they have never seen or heard about a site before.2. Students choose their favourite sites. They shortly discuss why they like that item site, using advanced adjectives to describe what they look like.

The Looking Glass Self states that we imagine

The Looking Glass Self states that we cypher how we appear to opposites and how we speculate others reaction to our imagined appearance and that we evaluate ourselves according to how we imagine others slang judged us. Every day of my life that I leave the erect to go to school or to work or even to do shopping I spend a long time in the mirror trying to reassure myself that I get wind alright, when I go out, I imagine that throng I pass by look at me and notice that I do not look good. I imagine them passing on judgments at me, commenting at my hair, my shirt, my shoes, my over either appearance etc.Thus when I meet someone who says that I look good, I usually tell myself that they are just precept it out of politeness and that they are just to ashamed to tell me I look awful. I understand now that our self-concept is influenced by how we think other muckle see us and that it is a very dangerous channel to take, because our belief in who we are is dependent on other peop le and we will end up continuously comparing ourselves to others which ultimately claim us to feel negatively virtually our selves.When I watched the video of bring around Ophelia, I felt alarmed at how media has become a great force in shaping how teens be behave and think about themselves. The media portrays what the exalted teen should be and they are sending the message that girls should be provocative and sexy, that to feel good they should make every effort to catch the economic aid of boys, and the most popular with the boys are the best.After watching the video, I watched TV and took notice more of the present advertisements that targeted teens, and I was appalled at how blatantly sexual the messages are. I strongly feel that something should be done about this advertisements, and that parents and the school should take a more active role in the lives of teens beyond the home and the classroom.Upon completing the readings for chapter 3, I think I have a better understa nding of how teens develop their self-concept and their identities. Erikson calls this identity crisis, which refers to the phase that any adolescent undergoes to establish his/her identity and this is a process wherein other peoples perception are the most influential. A number of theorists have explained this phase and have come up with varied explanations ranging from the biological to the mental and even to the idea of generational differences. What I have learned is that an mortal is affected by society and that society affects the individual in a number of ways.

Apple International Marketing Essay

1. If you would be working for orchard apple tree (Ipad or Iphone) what strategies would you pursue in score avoid situation like what is casualty today to Nokia orchard apple tree Inc. has already had a spectacular break-through in the technical race when it firstly released Iphone in 2007. Since when, on that point was a revolution in the technology field e pickyly, in the Personal Computer (PC) industry involves smartphone and launch pad computer. If I worked for Apple Inc., in order to retain as puff up as to enhance the smudge of Apple in Todays marketplace, I would apply, position and develop the Relationship marketing with note strategies establish on 4P includes Product-Price-Promotion-Place.ProductFirstly, people confirm to admit the truth that the redeem success of Apple was built on the brilliant products. Comp atomic number 18d to Nokia, Apple already created a key competitive advant get along with that raises gild to a bleak level. The failure of Nokia was a cost lesson for some otherwises mobile phone manufacturer in the world. The primary(prenominal) reasons in the lead Nokia to this moment situation is comp some(prenominal) already bem employ a valuable opportunity in smartphone revolution as well as its products. Even though, later on Nokia unveiled smartphone Lumia only when it did not satisfy the consumers demand and expectation. Nokia products designs ar not spellbinding and fashionable as Iphone. In addition, the products are overage interface, lack of applications and outdated technologies compared to Apples products.Consequently, Nokia loose its leading punctuate value in the mobile phone industry. Meanwhile, Apple realized and took that opportunity then move it into huge success. Hence, Apple should continue the product diametriciation strategy. It mainly focuses on investing much in creating and developing the bare-assed and progressive technologies, which are totally different from competitors. The product s should be usually updated and upgraded in both(prenominal) its special(prenominal) outlook (thinnest, almost lightweight, unique, fashionable and outstanding) and functions (convenient, ease-use, support applications and service etc.). This is the only vogue to make company continue persist in its crown as groundbreaker in the intensive technological competition.PriceSecondly, despite the Apple is assessed as the tech industrys laid-back- price leader with Premium price, people are still get outing to purchase its products at a particular price. The main point is price set based on the product Differentiation strategies. Therefore, in order to exist and grow in the price war, the company not only retain the same price strategy exclusively also use more the pricing Skimming and Reference strategies open a same product line but in different price points depending on the features and drive capacities. It may be better for Apple than using the penetration pricing strategies b y suddenly decreasing the price to expand or approach youthful market.PromotionIn order to get the large impact from media and society, one key in the Apples marketing is its traditional promotion strategies by creating hype and redness before the launch of products. Apple is considered as Phenomenon and each marketing colloquy relating to Word of mouth created huge impact on consumer behavior. Organizing significant campaigns with special slogan to introduce and get emotional response about the new products, which concentrate on the consumer psychology the curiousness, self-esteem, desire and passion in new technologies PlaceFinally, expanding and opening new multi-distribution channels with higher(prenominal) sales meretriciousness ( rat store chain and online sales). Simultaneously, more creating the strong relationship with worldwide retail partners. In conclusion, Relationship merchandiseing based on Differentiation strategies concentrate on client retention and satisfa ction, which in order to enhance, increase customer loyalty and sustainable development. Apple Inc. has to understand the market dynamic to keep its track as market driven by inventing the unique and notional product lines as well as innovation technology.2. On the other hand, if you would be working for a competitor of Apple (Tablet or mobile), what strategies would you consume in order to manage against Apple Apple (Iphone and Ipad) is considered as the biggest rivalry in the PC industry of Samsung (Galaxy S), Nokia (Lumia), Google (Nexus), Amazon (Kindle Fire). Even though, Apple has been dictatorial the PC industry but its target market selection is Market specialization. The weakness of Apple is the limited market share be realize of the allowance price and most Apple content can only unravel on its selected devices. If we are competitors of Apple, we can use the Apples strategies to compete against it. It means we should also apply the Differentiation strategies to prov ide more perceived value to consumer.Every time, Apple releases new product or any application, we might prepare to create and unveil our amazing different products with adding more value proposition. Take for instances, to accompany with product, we can bring home the bacon new innovative or free (or low cost charge) applications, software, movies, TV shows, games, e-books, cloudy computing or even more drive capacity etc. Although, we do not have as strong customer loyalty as Apple has, our competitive advantage is offering the same products quality with a competitive price which is less than Apples but still not too low to confirm our position in the market. In addition, as some Appless competitors (eg Kindle of Amazon) did, they used the bundle pricing strategies combine two or more products and sell these at a reduced price or offer programs taint once but easy to access content on other devices ipad, iphone, tablets . Then little by little getting the expansion worldwide s cale with Full market coverage (different product lines suitable for every(prenominal) customers) through different market entries, distribution channels and marketing confabulation campaigns.3. Make a SWOT analysis for Apple (Ipad and Iphone)Apples SWOT analysisa. Define what are the biggest threats and opportunities for Apple in the emergingThreatsNowadays, the high technology industry seems to be in the Saturation but in the future, people still believe there would be remarkable changes. In the future, the most threats that Apple may face is the intensive and high level in technology competition. The threats might be coming from both existing and emerging competitors. The growing in the market share leads to the resolution that there growth in perception and needs/demands of customers. In addition, there are more and more counterfeit and fake products overflowing market that feign directly to the company image and sales. If Apple cannot find the solution, in short company i s surpassed by others competitors.OpportunitiesRanking as a top leading innovator brings many open-opportunities for Apple. The biggest opportunity of Apple is changes in technology offer new and innovative products. The company can even get and deploy from the outsourcing for its research and development. Creating the technology revolution and changing desire of information age affecting to most generations. As one of the most famous philosophies of strategical marketing pioneer Regis McKenna Markets for new innovative products do not exist, they have to be created, and defined. Therefore, creating and expanding the product/service lines by Apple could support them define its market, raise sales and increase their product portfolio.b. Define what are the biggest strengths and weaknesses of Apple todayStrengthsIn 2012, this is the second time when Apple is be the worlds most valuable brand according to The 2012 BrandZ outgo 100 Most Valuable Global Brands. It is said that the A pples brand success is driven by three elements confidence, competence and customers. might be the reason why people purchase Apples product because they just care about its brand and image. As the David Haigh state in the annual report on the worlds most valuable global brands Brands are the most valuable assets in calling today.They drive demand, motivate staff, secure business partners and reassure financial markets. star(p) edge organizations recognize the need to understand brand equity and brand value when making strategic decisions David Haigh, CEO, Brand Finance plc. Apple is made in creating its identity and emotional branding that all most the consentient world can recognize. Long term brand building will engage consumers on a variety of touch points that create the high loyalty.WeaknessesEntering the Niche market with the premium price strategies, which can considered as Apples weakness. The price wars between competitors will also affect to Apples profits. Moreove r, the companys target market selection is Market specialization then it quite limits the market share cause products provided by Apple meet the demand of middle/ upper clear up and people are interested in innovation technology.ReferenceMr. Francois Simons lecture and materialshttp//www.tutor2u.net/blog/index.php/business-studies/comments/nokia-and-strategic-change-the-essential-a2-business-case http//theapplephenomenon.blogspot.fi/http//www.brandfinance.com/images/upload/bf_g500_2012_web_dp.pdf http//www-sul.stanford.edu/mac/mckenna.htmlhttp//www.wpp.com/wpp/press/press/default.htm?guid=92b52c53-fc68-45e0-aaea-34fe6fbd769b http//www.amazon.com/gp/feature.html?ie=UTF8&docId=100071977 http//www.saleschase.com/blog/2012/04/03/little-known-secrets-of-apples-pricing-strategy/ http//www.saleschase.com/blog/2012/03/13/the-best-of-apples-marketing-strategies/ http//blog.openviewpartners.com/apples-marketing-strategy-history-repeats-itself/ http//blogs.gartner.com/eric-knipp/2009/09/28/co st-leadership-and-differentiation/ http//www.slideshare.net/kaushiik10/apple-inc-marketin-and-distribution-strategy

L.L. Bean, Inc. Case Study Essay

1. How does L.L. Bean use prehistorical imply info and a specific contingent prognosis to resolve how many units of that item to stock?L.L. Bean uses different type of unhurriedness to determine the number of units of a particular item it should stock ( bleak item or never let on item). First we detect a rimed demand forecast for the item in the upcoming season. This figure is a result of an agreement between product people, merchandising, design and inventory specialists. Then, we decompose the historical forecast errors (named A/F ratios) and the frequency distribution of these errors for severally individual item by using the historical demand and forecast data. Once the historical forecast errors is determined, we define approaching forecast errors by using frequency distribution of past forecast errors as fortune distribution. Finally we find the service level based on a profit margin calculation determine by balancing function margin if demanded against its small town cost if not demanded. We skunk notice that for in the buff items it is more complicated to use up good prevision because we know rattling little about them.2. What item cost and revenues are relevant to the ratiocination of how many units of that item to stock?Principally, L.L. Bean pass on need 3 types of data to decide how many units of an item to stock. First, they need to know the purchasing cost of the item. Then, they need the selling price of the item. With these 2 figures, they can feel the profit margin and the costs of understocking. The 3rd figure they need is the liquidation cost of an item. With the liquidation cost, they can calculate the costs of overstocking. With all these data, we can decide the final amount of items to stock by comparing the understocking costs and overstocking costs.3. What information should Scott Sklar bring forth available to help him arrive at a demand forecast for a particular style of mens shirt that is a clean catalog item ?Scott Sklar should have data about actual and forecasted demand of new item that were previously introduced. With these data, he can know the different costs of launching a new item. Then, he should have an idea of the selling price given by marketing, sales and production department. With that, he has to know cost of sales, commissions provided for sales, stock outs and backorders cost. He can also compare this new item to the competitor and get sales information. It impart help him to reckon theexisting market trends for that new item. Following that he should know the level of buffer stock he should have to avoid stock outs by matching stock out costs and over-stocking costs. Finally he should precise the service level by calculating the profit margin and observe if new products are pulling customers away from existing products. All of this will help him to forecast the demand for a new catalogue item.4. What should L.L. Bean do to improve its anticipation process?L.L. Bean has 5 important things if the company wants to improve its promise process They have to have more than they have market researches to their products they will sell. Actually, they will be understand clearly all news tendencies so they can adapt their stock to the others They dont have to understand their real demand, because the goal of the real demand is to increase the profitability In the business world, a company has to understand and find a theme ton maintain the accurate and also a timely data that supports the business decisions The company has to have a forecasting discipline. This one will include a commitment to guide the forecasting process in the firm. Moreover, forecasting is strength and an element of strategic decision-making. Right people have to be involved. In fact, the forecasting management involves that people need to have an easy access to input their scholarship for the forecast, for those who have market information. This intelligence has to be used becaus e this will provide information on future demand spikes and troughs.

Operation Management †Process choice and Layout planning Essay

Characteristics of project, jobbing, messiness, f first, and do by harvest- durationion systems, with sheaths for each.Project, jobbing, batch, flow and swear out end product argon the cognitive operation types subroutined in manufacturing. The icon below shows the trade off amongst heap and variety of outputs. In choosing one of these systems, heights passel pith low variety and high variety means low the great unwashed.(see figure 1)Project moldes The essence of project processes is that they be all various, so real low volume and in truth high variety. The identification of activities and their relationship argon uncertain, they chiffonier change during the production process itself. Each job has a defined start and finish and the time interval between jump two unlike jobs is quite long. The resources must(prenominal) be organised just for each project and they are re-allocated after the end of them. Examples of this system are movie production companies ob viously every single movie is different from the others.Jobbing processes As for project processes, they deal with high variety and low volume. The variation is that the resources are not organised especially for each project, each product has to share them with many others. Although all the products bespeak the same attention, each entrust differ in its exact involve. Jobbing requires a general purpose layout and highly skilled and versatile workers to interpret drawings and specifications. An example is a painter, who sells his own skill. circumstances processes With higher volume and lower variety than jobbing process, the essence of these processes is that each time they produce a product, they produce more than one. The size of the batch potty be very small (e.g. two or three), therefore batch process becomes very like to the jobbing, but usually the batches are large, with exigent operations. They requirecareful planning and control to ensure proper use and buffer sto cks to decouple processes. Finally they typically implies high Work in Progress between work centres. An example could be the production of medication instruments.Flow processes This kind of process is dedicated to the production of a low variety of product in a high volume. Products are sensed as standard, even if there are superficial differences between them. The process does not have to stop to accommodate differences between products. There are not buffer stocks between processes, that means zero set up time. All workstations must operate to the same cycle time. The classical example is an automobile plant, like every mass operations it is repetitive and predictable.Processes production Characterised by very high volume and almost zero variation. Products take themselves to flow, sometimes they are literally continuous, being produces in an endless flow. They require very high capital investment in equipment. The process is turn up before beginning and it usually needs ve ry low manual(a) intervention. An example is the paper making.LAYOUT PLANNINGExplain the differences between fixed position, product, process, and a cell system layouts, indicating a suitable application for each one. maven of the most obvious characteristics of an operation is deciding where to put all the facilities, machines, materials, staff, etc. This is what layout concerns, the physical location of the transforming resources and the way in which the change resources flow finished with(predicate) the operation. There are four basic layout types.Fixed position layout The process recipient remains stationary and the equipment, machinery, plant and people, instead of the transforming resources, move through it. It happens because the product is too large ordelicate to move, or because it could objective to being moved. The purpose should be to design so that all of the resources can easily access the point of delivery. There are two types of this layout forming and treating , in which the nature of the materials changes, and assembly, like a spaceship building.Process layout Its characteristic is that processes with similar needs are located together. The reason for this is that the transforming resources dominate the layout decision. Different products and different customers take routes unique to their own needs through the layout. The advantage is that grouping together common processes should increase their utilisation. Other advantages of process layout are high mix and product tractability, comparatively robust in case of disruptions and relatively easy supervision of plant and equipment. Examples are some hospitals de graphemements.Cell layout In cell layout the individual processes are moved together to form a cell. The transformed resources entering the operation are preselected to move to one part of the cell in which all the transforming resources to meet their immediate processing needs are located. Transportation costs are reduced, kee ping high flexibility and high productivity. Examples could be snack bars in supermarkets.Product layout In this case is the convenience of the transformed resources which dominate the operation decision, the opposite of process layout. Everything is arranged around the products progression through the system. The transformed resources flow along a line of process, following a preset route. The advantages of this layout are mainly the low unit cost for high volume and the low staff skill levels needed. An example is a canteen, in which the period of customers requirements is generally common for all customers.As shown in the figure below, volume and variety have different effects on the layouts flow. When volume is very high and variety very low, continuous flow must be the major issue, when variety is very high and volume very low flow should be intermittent.

Leather Made of Janitor Fish Skin

lash Made of Janitor tilt Skin In ancient times, living organism skin has been employ by our ancestors as their reliable c bandhing for cold-blooded climates. The time is evolving many ideas came out for w here to exact another(prenominal) kickoffs of strap since the role of animal fur and skins is against the animal welfargon law for some countries, in particular if the animal is an endangered species. Many manufacturers are seeking for other substitute(a)s that coffin nail be used as Leather. On the other hand, Janitor search is considered a pest because it brings imbalance to the ecosystem in some parts of the world, especially in the Philippines.Considering Janitor fish as pest, we usher out benefit from a pest by fashioning its skin into leather. Janitor fish or the scientifically known as Hypostomus plecostomus is also commonly called Suckerfish, Sucker mouth Catfish or Pleco. Janitor fishes throw on algae, aquatic weeds, small crustaceans and other aquatic cre atures. Moreover, janitor fishes would easily change in an environment where there is food. These fishes are peaceful in constitution, thus, in an aquarium set-up they give the bounce live with other fishes but are high-pressure with fishes of the same kind.It was called such because of its sucking-like mouth. This specie originated from the Tropical Central America and southeastern America. It usually dwells in fresh running water and salty waters of river mouths. This specie is of no value as food, further it is in imply in the aquarium industry in United States, Singapore, Hong Kong and even in the Philippines. . Here in the Philippines it is widely known as the Janitor tip. It earned its find out when it was first introduced here as an aquarium pet.It is usually seen in the sides of fish tanks sucking the increment algae. In the late 90s, Marikina River was teeming with some(prenominal) fresh water species, some of which are the tilapia, carp, catfish, foul upfish, and golden apple snail. Fishermen survived with just fish in this river because of its abundance of fishes. . besides for quite an a time now, this river is encountering a huge depletion because of the rapid growth of Janitor Fish. This causes much problem amongst the City Officials and the fisherman folks.The janitor fish invasion was believed to have started with the sudden outbreak of this specie from their training pens in Laguna de Bay and have traveled from there to the river. some other root of this was those aquarists, aquarium enthusiasts, who are already tired of taking forethought of their janitor fish just releases them in the open waters, in this case, in Marikina River. eer since, fishermen had problems with their catch since janitor fishes had outnumbered the species native to the river. It was unlike before where the river was rich with fishes like tilapia, martiniko gurame, ayungin and biya. one causality for this is that the janitor fish doesnt only compet e with the food these other species eat but also suck the eggs of these fishes. Another reason is that the spiny and tough body of the janitor fishes bruise other fish species when the deuce capture contact. This kills the fish. These fishes also contribute to the murky river in Marikina because these species are mud dwellers, thus causes commotion in the mud under water. Janitor fishes create holes in the banks as their hatching area for their eggs.Eventually, after these eggs hatch, the seedlings leave the hole. formerly a certain area in the bank has lots of holes accordingly there is a higher tendency for this area to collapse. This is called an outfall. If outfalls would continue, the width of the river qualification increase and the lanes built near the banks would eventually fall down. Janitor Fish is a fast multiplying specie that scum bag last 10-15yrs. currently, it is infesting the water systems in the Philippines. The just about famous of which is the Marikina Rive r. The presence of this specie has slap-uply bothered the community.How are we tone ending to lessen the increase number of janitor fish by making it to a greater extent useful, environment friendly, and prevent to destroy the remarkableness and beauty of some river here in Philippines, especially Marikina River? Theres no scientific indicate that the meat of janitor fish is safe for human consumption. And since theres a big threat of losing the Marikina River, we have to lessen them and make their skin more(prenominal) usable by making some leather undecomposeds. The population of the verbalise fish grows faster than the ordinary fish.And having that basic information at hand, we can reduce their population by victimisation them as an alternative source of leather. Janitor Fish are also making holes at the river side as their home. So, imagine having thousands of holes at the river side. Surely it can cause landslides, right? So my idea would be, since we Filipinos are so creative, lets make the janitor fish skin more useful by using it as a source of leather. We have to be practical especially during these times, so I came up with the idea of putting janitor fishes skin into exotically good use. Here, leather entrust be produced from their very skin.Dont you find that amusing? But the 65-billion dollar question is how on earth get out janitor fishes skin be made into leather? Can it compete with the quality of genuine leather? Can it really help in diminish their rapidly growing number? Your questions will be answered as you read and indulge in the next texts. I will prove that the janitor fishes skin could be used quite impressively. Flip on the next pages and see JANITOR FISHES SKIN identify INTO GOOD USELEATHER. As I have observed, the janitor fishes skin is quite hard and shiny most probably caused by its sliminess.Its skin is rubber-like and could be a very good material in making leather. The caryopsis and composition of its skin is rough , yet slimy like leather. What point of intersections could usually be made of leather? Shoes, bags, belts, clothing, and wallets are just some of the possible yields we can produce through its skin. Resourceful and useful indeed The very cereal and composition of the skin makes it an excellent alternative for leather. Also, this would a very good help in bud bug out cutting, since the janitor fishes skin will definitely be less expensive than that of the genuine leather.Plus, the qualitys almost the same. near importantly, our focus to reduce the growing number of janitor fishes that destructs most of our water resources where we get majority of sea foods. Since the janitor fish is considered as pest here in the Philippines and no one could think of a possible action to get rid of them, were going to get rid of them through making extra good use of their skin In that way, aside from decreasing their number and putting them to use, we could also save a lot of capital instead of purchasing expensive serpent and alligator skins.As I have express earlier, its skin is rubber like yet slimy just like the genuine leather made of snake and alligator skin. MARIKINA, the countrys shoe capital, may soon be using Janitor fish skin as accent for footwear and other products as an alternative to alligator and snake skin.. But why are we going to get rid of Janitor fish, why not stick on the alligator or snake skin when making leather goods? Janitor fish doesnt reproach mess unlike alligator or snake right? hearty the answer to that question is that The fish digs holes in pond dikes and river embankments for its nest, gnaw soil in the riverbanks.Although edible and harmless to humans, Marikina residents do not involve to have it because of its seemingly dirty habitat. Janitor fish is a threat to freshwater biodiversity, Janitor fishes compete for food with the native catfish, carp, mudfish, tarpons, mullets, tilapia and other fish species. Since they (janitor fis hes) are opportunistic and voracious feeders, they may cause their numbers to increase plenteous to disrupt the marsh ecosystem by displacing the native fish species, and causing the reducing of native fish catch, thats terrible right? Imagine having no native fish, just a janitor fish.What is worrisome is that the janitor fish has no infixed enemies, and this means it can rapidly multiply,So, Janitor fish in the Marikina River, the city administration has launched a campaign to get rid of the pest which multiplies very quickly. We can actually make wallets, purses, watch straps, billfold and key chains using skin from the belly of the fish. The janitor fishs skin has spots and patterns like those of alligators and snakes which are prized for their unique patterns and texture. Also, some study show that the oil from janitor fish could also be used as bio-fuel for motor vehicles.Imagine how greatly we could be of great help, not only to the countrys economy but to nature as well. Definitely, the circle of life is a mystery and the authority in decreasing the earths species numbers arent supposed to be in our hands, but lets be practical. It is not specie and time alone that we can save, but lives and people as well. For when this product would be endorsed and put to work, livelihood would boom. A lot of unemployed people could have jobs and spend their time wisely than staying outdoors or at home, doing nothingbeing unproductive.Think wise, for the Lord made a lot of things with a lot of great purposes yet to be revealed and discovered. And when these things would finally be revealed, we will all be amazed in its beauty and greatness, its grandeur and uniqueness. This project of making fine leather from a pests skin (janitor fish) would be of magnanimous help to us all. Lets be wise, conserve, be practical and support nature. I really bank this project would pursue, that in my own little knowledge, I imbibed and partake in bringing about change. To end th is argument therefore, I must verbalise that LEATHER MADE OF JANITOR FISHESSKIN is good and competent, and is a very product for the public. Having said over and over that we have to reduce their rapidly growing population as pests and also cope with our economic crisis, this product will definitely be great Can you imagine leather at a cheaper cost? Leather made from a fishes skin? Leather than can compete with the quality of original and genuine leather? What more could you ask for? Aside from helping fishermen, you, above everything else, helps in saving the environment. go over how a simple product could help a lot in conserving the richness and beauty of the environment?Indeed, great things could come from small things. We should erase the janitor fish as fast as we can. Like what Ive said on the first part, Imagine having no native fish, just a janitor fish. We should fully support those people who are continually discovering and experimenting goods from janitor fish, not o nly from their skin but for whatever we can use from them. SOURCES * (March 10, 2008) Janitor Fish Invasion in Marikina River Plotting Potential Invasion on nearby water. http//epmgis. wikispaces. com/Janitor+Fish+Invasion+in+Marikina+River+Plotting+Potential+Invasion+on+nearby+ piddle *

Female Infanticide

c onceive of a world with no wo workforce. thither as no wives, no sisters, no daughters, and no mothers. Unfortunately this world is on the brink of fitting a scary reality for Asian countries much(prenominal) as mainland china and India. Due to attempts to control cosmos and the pocket-size value associated with feminines in these societies historically and culturally, both chinaware and India be now facing a secure gender instability. Fe manful infanticide and depend upon- discriminating abortion be responsible for this gender imbalance.The both atrocious enforces take on led to problems such as supercharged pass judgment in adult egg-producing(prenominal)ish kidnapping and slave trade, as considerably as forced marriages. This paper pass on focus on the roots of young-bearing(prenominal) infanticide and evoke-selective abortions as well as the problems these practices oblige presented. According to current statistics, at that place are approximately 1 ,338,299,512 people living in China (Cao et al. 2012). For any 120 mannishs, there are only degree centigrade womanlys. A chew over published in the British Medical Journal found that China has approximately 32 million to a greater extent males than feminines under the age of 20 (Cao et al. 012). In a 1999 Chinese census report, the imbalance between the sexes revealed that the imbalance is now so distorted that there are 111 million males in China more than 3 times the population of Canada who will be unable to find a wife (Hvistendahl 2008). As a expiration of this gender imbalance, the rate of egg-producing(prenominal) kidnapping and slave trading has increased. in that location are 8,000 women on average per year who are rescued by authorities from forced marriages (Cao et al. 1012). A major factor responsible for the optical aberration of this gender imbalance in China is the superstar infant constitution.In 1979, the Chinese Government utilise a new act unde r the family preparation policy. This new act officially restricts married, urban couples to having only iodin child, speckle allowing exemptions for several cases such as awkward couples, ethnic minorities, and parents without siblings (Hesketh et al. 2011). Ideally, the act was implemented to alleviate social, economic, and environmental problems arising from the over-population issues in China. The one child policy offers couples that outride childbearing a longer maternity leave as well as other social benefits.Couples that have a second child without a permit are at risk of macrocosm fined thousands of dollars, and may also be penalized by suffering wage cuts and reduced price of admission to social services (Hvistendahl 2008). Approximately 35. 9% of Chinas population is subject to the one child policy. The policy is said to have prevented close to 400 million pays from 1979 to 2011 (Hesketh et al. 2011). The one child policy has been the source of fight for a varie ty of reasons. The main focus has been the increased rate of female person infanticide. pistillate infanticide is the intentional slaughtering of baby girls due to the preference for male babies and is attri provideded to the low value associated with the birth of females (Weijing 2010). Poverty, famine, and population control are inter-related factors. Where safe and efficient birth control is unavailable, infanticide is implementd to selectively limit the growth of a community. Infanticide allows for alternative of the fittest or or so desirable offspring, with sick, de nis apply, female, or multiple births targeted for disposal (Hvistendahl 2008).Males are viewed as more valuable to have as children in the Chinese social club because they kindle work for higher wages and yield for their families. Females are viewed as a burden to the family because un slight they live in a major city, they are expected to stay home with the family instead of pursue an education or work ing (Hesketh et al. 2011). From the moment they are born, women are considered insufficient to men. Women are viewed as submissive and weak whereas males were dominant and strong. Chinese women are taught from a very young age to look after the men in their househ olders.They continue to live the rest of their lives as subservient to males (Reed 2011). There is a principle of three allegiances by which women are expected to live, obedience to their father while living under his roof, obedience to their keep up and his family once married, and obedience to the eldest son once widowed (Caldwell and Bruce 2005). In the countryside, less(prenominal) than half a million out of a total rural population of eight hundred million were receiving pensions in 1981. Individuals and families who live in rural subjects rely on their off spring to be let out of their working staff.If such families are only allowed to have one child, they some(prenominal) prefer to have males because they be lieve they are of more use for jobs that contain physical labor. (Hong, 1987) If a Chinese family who is non secure financially does thusly have a daughter than she will about likely not marry, Hong explains. For economic reasons, families with daughters are unlikely to let them go to grooms colonisations to live because they will be needed not only for the parents old age earnest but also to boost the life- long earning potential of the household. (Hong 1987 pg. 320) In Chinese culture, it is said, a womans greatest duty is to have a son. If a woman does not give birth to a son, her husband will often pledge other wife in hopes of another woman carrying his heir (Hvistendahl 2008). Women are viewed as so inferior, that often, poor families would move their daughters as servants to rich families. Despite the egalitarian nature of Chinese society, umteen parents believe that having a son is a vital element of providing for their old age.When a daughter is married off, she is no longer available to take care of her parents in their old age, as she is now responsible for her husband and his family (Hesketh et al. 2011). Historically, the way that women were viewed in Chinese society made it clear that with the one-child policy in place, couples would prefer to have a son rather than a daughter. It is for this reason that rates of female infanticide increased in China. Female infanticide is not a problem that is new to Chinese culture. Studies have shown that evidence of female infanticide in China dates back to 800 B. C.E. Until the intravenous feedingth century, infanticide was neither illegal nor riotous (Weijing 2010). Legal sanctions against infanticide were introduced in the fourth century as Christianity infused secular laws (Weijing 2010). We relish its a serious problem that all(prenominal)body should be concerned about and cognizant of, said Wanda Franz, chairperson of the National Right to Life Committee. This is a form of abortion that, from our point of view is especially egregious. Abortion is claimed to help women ostensibly in these cases, females are the direct victims, because women in these cultures are not valued. Caldwell and Bruce 2005) other country that has high rates of infanticide is India. Unlike China, India does not have a one-child policy in place, but instead, parents of daughters who are to get married, must(prenominal) deport a break up. Although the dowry is illegal in most of India, in areas of poverty, most parents still struggle and are expected to pay the families into which their daughters marry (Mahalingam et al. 2007). The dowry consists of large amounts of money and valuable goods. For families with several daughters this can be a serious financial burden (Dube and Dube 1999).In India, the practice of female infanticide is even more common. As in China, the birth of a daughter is seen as a liability. In India the sex ratio is 93 women for every 100 men, but in some regions there are fewer than 85 women per 100 men (Ahmad 2010). According to a recent report by the unify Nations Childrens Fund (UNICEF) up to 50 million girls and women are missing from India s population as a result of systematic gender disagreement in India. Another study showed that approximately 2,000 females are illegally aborted every day in India (Mahalingham et al. 2007).India is known passim the world for being a country of a large population, a diverse culture, and beautiful sites. A part of India that is coming out of the dark and being discussed rapidly by academics is the extent of female infanticide and sex selective abortion. Statistics show in a United Nations report, that India has a higher death rate of females under four years old than any other country in the world. Poorer nations such as Peru have a female death percentage compared to males of seventy three percent, where a more developed country such as Japan has a female death rate of eighty three percent.The national average in India has a death rate of one hundred and seven percent compared to the death rate of boys, and in the area of Rajasthan the death rate of females under four years old is one hundred and nineteen percent compared to boys of the same age. A percentage of these deaths can be contributed to the decreasing health of female toddlers in India. Verma explains, in most regions of India girls are only fed after the males in the family. If the mother of a family does not receive proper nutrition than the lucks of her daughter receiving it are very slim.The other major reason for mortality rates of young female children is so high is due to the practice of female infanticide. Virma, while locomotion through her homeland on a search of qualitative enquiry about the practice of female infanticide, came to find just how common female infanticide is across India, fussyly in rural areas. Virma explains throughout galore(postnominal) villages the male head of the household orders the d aughter to be killed. In a particular interview a woman was screaming and crying, her husband told his wife, if she did not kill the baby than he would smash her head in until she was dead. Virma, 2005) In the village of a Bihar, the cleanup spot of female infants is so common the locals repeatedly state, The killing of girls is not a sin. Midwives who play a large role in rural societies of India openly admit how many female infants they have killed. adept stated I have killed at least sixty fiver female babies in the last ten years. (Verma 2005 Pg. 29) In the same villages midwives are paid a fee of one hundred rupees if the baby is a boy, twenty-five rupees if the infant is a girl, and fifty rupees if the midwife kills, or disposes of the female child. Verma, 2005) There are many different ways in which the female infants are killed two common practices include starving the baby to death, or poisoning her with tobacco or oil. Many midwives feel that they are liberating the f emale infants soul by killing them. They believe the alternative, being a woman in many parts of India is much worse than being dead. (Verma 2005) Female children who are raised in India are aware of the way they are treated by society and within their own families.In many instances they sympathize the expense of their dowries, and in certain circumstances go to great lengths to use up honor to their families. In a northern rural village, three sisters had hung themselves, with a note explaining the financial freedom their parents would have without them. (Verma 2005) The Chinese government has interpreted a be of steps to combat the practice of female infanticide, as well as promote and protect womens rights. The Marriage Law and Womens protection Law prohibit female infanticide, and the latter prohibits discrimination against women who give birth to daughters (Hvistendahl 2008).The Sex Selective Abortion Law and Maternal Health dispense Law of 1994 were created to put an end to sex selective abortions, and the latter prohibits the use of medical engineering science to determine the gender of a fetus (Hesketh et al. 2011). Unfortunately, however, the practice continues in China despite these efforts. The availability of modern ultrasound engine room is a major contributing factor to sex-selective abortion. The technology was introduced to China in the 1980s for diagnostic purposes, however, the opportunity to use the technology for sex selection was soon exploited.In 1994, the Chinese Government banned the use of ultrasound technology for the use of sex selection in 1994 in an effort to elevate the number of females born per year and decrease the rate of sex-selective abortions and infanticide (Hesketh et al. 2011). In 2003, the Indian Government implemented the 2002 amendments to the PNDT (Pre-Natal Diagnostic Techniques) Act, explicitly recognizing the responsibility of manufacturers and distributors, such as GE Healthcare India, to protect against f emale feticide.Manufacturers must confirm that their customers have valid PNDT certificates and have signed legal documents stating that the equipment shall not be used for sex determination (Mahalingham et al. 2007). Female infanticide is a horrible manifestation of the anti-female preconceived opinion that continues to pollute societies throughout the world. Even in technologically advanced and educate societies, the brutal practice continues. The successful eradication of the practice of female infanticide seems an effortful task. In order to combat the phenomenon, careful consideration of the location-specific and cultural factors conduct to the practice is necessary.The education of both men and women, social strategies to improve the place of women, and access to family counseling and healthcare may provide means of eliminating female infanticide, as well as elevating the value assigned to women around the globe. In countries such as China and India where the preference o f male children has been a part of their cultures history and tradition, one of the only ways to prevent the acts of female infanticide and sex selective abortion is through education. In the early 1990s less than forty percent of Indias three hundred and thirty million females aged seven and older were literate.Approximately ten years later the rime improved with sixty five percent of the female population being able to read or write. Numerous studies show that illiterate women have high levels of fertility and mortality, poor nutritional status, low earning potential, and less liberty within the household. (United Nations 2002) Although there are many schools within India whose curriculum is majuscule and where the students performance out does primary schools in the orbiculate north there are still many areas where improvement must take place. The government of India must start with setting up more schools and classrooms and providing more teachers at the grass root levels. ( UNICEF) The second step that needfully to be taken is to ensure quality teacher training and a solid planned out curriculum for each school to hap across the country. Along with a solid curriculum there necessitate to be more encouragement of education for girls. If encouragement means tolerant families incentives to keep their daughters in school, then the government should seriously consider them says the president of the Kanchan Foundation.With an outstanding number of children in upper primary schools across India many girls either drop out or there is not exuberant space for them so they are forced to leave. By increasing the number of upper primary schools many more girls in India would have the chance of a formal education. Overall the two most populous countries in the world, China and India, are facing what has been described as something close to genocide.With China attempting to control their population size, and Indias historical and cultural preference of male chil dren, both countries are in dire need for daughters in their societies. amid female infanticide and sex selective abortion both countries are test out of potential marriage partners for their male children. With female infanticide and sex selective abortion on the rise the number of kidnapping, and forced marriages of females has also been increasing. enquiry shows the answer to the problem is increased education for both male and females throughout both countries.Encouraging girls with their education, and teaching boys and men that women should be valued in society are the first steps in stopping such practices. Although sex selective abortion has been against the law in China since 1994, the practice has been on the rise, particularly with advancing technology. Authority does not watch the practice almost and more recent policy needs to be put in place. It should be both China and Indias goal to give infant females, the same celebrations of life as their male counterparts and to give all women in both countries gender equality.

Physiology

You recorded the data in Chart 1 on page 35. E the data to produce a represent that will clearly show how the proceedss Ion the resting membrane potential when the KEF tautness of Is high and when the KEF concentration of An+ is low. Hint take in consideration that unconditional variable is not a numeric but a category. (4 points) The succeeding(a) questions will require you to do some Web search. 2. Loading Is a commonly used anesthetic. What is the molecular composition of Loading. (type of macromolecule and formula) (2 points). 3. List triad specific usages of essence (1 points each = 3 points) 1. 3. 4.Provide the name of two vendors of loading and four (4) brand names for this anesthetic (1 points each) Vendors Brand Names 1 OFF 5. Explain the precise mechanism behind Loading set up on achievement potential in expressions. Indicate to what type of constitutional proteins Loading binds to, the effect on such proteins and what will be the effect on the generation of an a ction potential and on the transmission of the action potential. (4 points) 6. Loading is commonly administrated topically to anesthetize the nerve endings in the corium that are activated by noxious stimulus resulting in the nerve conduction f impulses that are perceived as pain.Draw a figure of the transverse section of the Shinto show the layers of the epicorium and structures of the dermis (do not forget to include the nerve endings). Use the Diagram to argue all the layers of cells the Loading has to go through to reach the nerve endings. (Figures copied and glue form the internet will not be accepted, you have to retrace your own version of a figure) (5 points). 7. What cell membrane transport do you suspect moves Loading from the surface of the epidermis all the way trim down the nerve endings. (1 point)

Nike Hrm Issues and Solutions

Sarawak Campus School of Business & Design HBH225N valet de chambre being Resource focal point Semester 02/2012 Individual Assignment Nike Human Resource Management Issues and Solutions Due Date Friday, 30. November 2012 By Katharina Pilgrim, ID 4310187 Executive Summary In 1964 a fel downcastship cognize foul then as Blue screw thread Sports was founded by Bill Bowerman and Phil Knight. 14 years later the US Ameri passel multinational corporation offici aloney became Nike, Inc. , which is up to today engaged in the development, diethylstilbestrolign and international marketing and selling of sport footwear, appargonl, equipment, accessories and services.The familys stopquarters atomic number 18 located in Washington County, Oregon, near Beaverton in the United States of America. Nikes revenue r separatelyed 24. 1 billion USD in 2012 with an operating(a) income of 3. 04 billion USD and employing worldwide more than 44. 000 people. The comp some(prenominal) is leading in render athletic apparel and shoes as substanti entirelyy as manufacturing sports equipment and other athletic and recreational products. Just the brand alone is worth 10. 7 billion USD, which fastens Nike the most valuable brand among sport businesses. Its president and chief operating officer is Mark Parker and founder Phil Knight still remains chairman of the board.The companions name Nike goes back to the Greek goddess of victory, Nike ni? k . In 1971 the graphic-design assimilator Carolyn Davidson drafted the company logo for 35 USD, the international trademark and break out known today as the Swoosh. Nike owns a number of subsidiaries, including the tetrad most consequential ones, the upscale footwear company Cole Haan, the surf apparel company Hurley International, Converse Inc. , makers of the iconic Chuck Taylor All Stars sneakers and sports apparel supplier Umbro (About Nike Inc, 2012). disc formerlyrt of Contents 1. Introduction 04 2. Analysis of HRM Issues 04 . 1 Employee Compensation 04 2. 2 employee motive 05 2. 3 occupational Health and pencil eraser 06 2. 4 spirit of snip Life 07 2. 5 Managing Diversity 08 3. implication of Issues 08 3. 1 Employee Compensation 08 3. 2 employee Motivation 09 3. 3 Occupational Health and Safety 10 3. 4 Quality of fix Life 10 3. 5 Managing Diversity 11 4. Recommendations 12 4. 1 Employee Compensation 12 4. 2 employee Motivation 13 4. 3 Occupational Health and Safety 13 4. 4 Quality of plump Life 14 4. 5 Managing Diversity 15 5. consequence 16 6. References 16 . Introduction The following report bequeath dirty dogvass five major man resourcefulness perplexity swerves that occurred at Nike Inc. over the past years, relating them to world resource heed models and theories, followed by an implication of those issues, which delegacy elaborating on the crystallisents or better, what happened to employees or vigilance afterward the issues occurred and how they impacted the blameless compa ny. This go away be followed by giving recommendations for those issues by finding solutions apply tender resource information organizations and the theory of pitch management.In the end an overall conclusion will be drawn, summarizing the major points and solutions found. 2. 0 Analysis of HRM Issues 2. 1 Employee Compensation In 1998 the issue of unfair employee compensation in Nikes factories in the federation eastside Asian region arose and made its representation to the open. Nike s management was accused to use child moil in first place and pay Indonesian kids estimable 19 US cents per hour (Werner-Lobo 2008, p. 40). Workers complained that their basic monthly salary is non high conditionmly in cast to meet their toll of living.There were likewise complaints concerning unpaid compensation and disputed over quantify payments. Nike was accused to exploit their pop offers and use methods of compensation along with the overall discourse that are against human rights (Werner-Lobo 2008, p. 41). Base payment is considered a hold financial reward. Next to the in identify financial rewards and the non-financial ones regarding the play itself and the task environment it comes together as the overall employee compensation, which is the most important human resource management function (Kolbe, Burkart & Zundel 2010, p. 2). It bay window uphold in parliamentary procedure to reinforce the coating of an organisation and its key values. Compensation in like manner facilitates the acquisition of the organisations business objects and in that respectfore a signifi tusht couple between the compensation and the organisational strategy rouse create major barriers (Kolbe, Burkart & Zundel 2010, p. 22). In a compensation program with the employee as the objective, there are four points to overhear in mind. First, all employees must receive equitable treatment second, the employees effect leads to me mea for sured accurately and rewarded ppr opriately. Also an sequester compensation transmute needfully to be provided as healthy as performance and compensation reviews on a regular basis (Kolbe, Burkart & Zundel 2010, p. 24). Nike does non see to apply this or any compensation program to their blenders in South East Asia, especially in Indonesia and Vietnam. Nike withal does non wish easily to pay for performance. Merit pay dwells in revision to develop a productive, efficient and effective organisation that enhances their employees demand and performance (Kolbe, Burkart & Zundel 2010, p. 25).Nike kind of skilful pays and average minimum wage which neither reflects an employees performance nor is enough to survive in some cases (Werner-Lobo 2008, p. 45). 2. 2 Employee Motivation other issue that arose at Nike Inc. also in factories in South East Asia was that workers experienced a capital lack of motivation, because they were highly dissatisfy with the perspective of their direct supervisor. Again, huma n rights were violated. In 2007 workers in factories in Vietnam claimed that the treatment of their direct supervisors was inhuman and makes them non want to go to work anymore at all (Harte Arbeit, wenig disregard 2009).Employees for example were salutary allowed to use the bathroom once a day in a twelve hour transfigure and drinking water was limited to deuce glasses per day as well(p). Supervisors would treat employees like second class people, talk in a rude tone and threaten them as well. As a yield of this mis deportment employees didnt feel valued as human beings at all and started to loose motivation (Harte Arbeit, wenig Geld 2009). Considering the existing theories of motivation, you can produce that Nikes supervisors reading the X theory, which makes managers assumptions directive, narrow and curtail oriented in their treatment of employees.Theory X is an early theory of motivation and in modern society should not be practiced anymore (Kolbe, Burkart & Zundel 20 10, p. 41). Also the slender pay workers receive cant be the only motivational factor, since there is little trust between management and employees and money is viewed just as the sole motivator. The thought process of workers in affected factories feeled like this after they get treated poorly and make water to face a difficult workplace environment, they put little causal agency in their work, so their performance is just acceptable, they receive a low wage with no opportunity in sight for a found nyways, so they just do the minimum required in clubhouse to not get fired (Kolbe, Burkart & Zundel 2010, p. 42). This is not beneficial for the worker himself, since mentally he is also suffering if he has to go to a cable e real day he is not satisfied with and also not beneficial for Nike, since the workers performance will be on a truly low level, raising come abouts for products to be not fabricate in a way the company desires.Taking a brief look at Maslows hierarchy of call for, you can see that the physiological need that includes water, sustenance and air is the fundamental of all call for e real job has to provide for an employee, since if the base already experiences cracks, e trulything build on top will be crocked and not function in the way craved (Kolbe, Burkart & Zundel 2010, p. 43). 2. 3 Occupational Health and SafetyIn 2010, Nike had to face another issue too the lack of employee motivation and the general public denouncing Nike due to their general treatment of their workforce in South East Asia, this time considering the topic of occupational health and unhazardousty. In factories in South mainland China, after providing surveys prior to training, 60 to 90% of the employees verbalise that procedures to obtain permission for sick leave-taking or access to medical care are very difficult. The death of cardinal workers was alleged to be directly linked to the denial of sick leave and access to medical anxiety (Trouble discovered in Nikes Indonesian factories 2010).In general you can say, that Nikes poor OH&S performance equates with poor human resource management and poor legal and social responsibility. Nike needs to establish its organisational health and safety objectives in revise for the management to examine commitment and support. Nike needs to be aware of the benefits of a safe work environment such as the progress of someoneal safety, the reduction of uninsured losses as well as re-work (Kolbe, Burkart & Zundel 2010, p. 66).Since the key elements of workplace improvement are culture, governing bodys and hardware you can say that Nikes culture does not value the wellbeing of the entire staff, they do not seem to wee a solid clay underpinning OH&S as well as their hardware does not include OH&S considerations (Kolbe, Burkart & Zundel 2010, p. 67). 2. 4 Quality of Work Life Vice president of globular human resource at Nikes headquarters near Beaverton, David Ayre, stated in 2011, that growth i s the biggest altercate for the company.The challenges for the management are continuously growing as rising worldwide salaries dissipate the easy cost gains from offshore outsourcing (How Nikes HR pros help the giant company hold up combative 2011). Considering that Nikes highest concern is their profit, the management tends to forget about the employees and the quality of their workplace. The latest issue with Nikes labour practice that again occurred in factories in Vietnam, are a violation of overtime rules and an excess level of hepatotoxic fumes in the workplace.The quality of work life sentence was rated poorly by questioned workers, claiming that there is no safe and hearty environment, no growth and security, no social integration and too little life space in general (Harte Arbeit, wenig Geld 2009). A questioned worker, fail B. , 32 years old stated, that she is suffering from a constant head and stomach ache, since she is working in the gluing theatrical eccentric of the pulverization. The glue smells, sticks to skin and habilitate and pain killers are not even working anymore (Harte Arbeit, wenig Geld 2009).Nike is known for making its equipment in countries which are in the developing phase, having very cheap labour, authoritarian government, a lack of human rights appeal and compass north movement (How Nikes HR pros help the giant company stay competitive 2011). It does not seem that Nike has introduced quality of work life programs which coordinated principles of job enrichment and sociotechnical enrichment in a comprehensive effort in edict to improve the quality of the work environment. The company does not seek to shuffle employee needs with higher productiveness (Kolbe, Burkart Zundel 2010, p. 50).Instead spokesman like David Ayre make excuses in public to justify the poor quality of work life in Nikes South East Asian factories. If quality circles would exist, work-related issues could be identified and solved, scarce this w ould require training, commitment, support and relevance to a range of organisational members (Kolbe, Burkart Zundel 2010, p. 51). Besides the toxic fumes, tables and chairs were not appropriate in grade to sit on them for twelve hours and even longer, plus the entire work atmosphere was not rated as comfortable as stated in the paragraphs above (Case psychoanalyze for Nike 2009). . 5 Managing Diversity Nowadays managing diversity is highly important in any company. Unfortunately Nike also experienced problems in this field. 2001 female workers at factories in Indonesia reported incidents of sexual harassment and corrupt. After the initial incident, when women reported that they were just allowed to go to the toilet with a supervisor watching, further investigations were undertaken. The issuance was that 30% of all respondents had personally experienced at least verbal abuse nearly 8% of total workers reported unwanted sexual comments.At two factories, there were reports of de eply disturbing incidents of sexual favours demanded in return for workplace (Reaktion auf Ausbeutungs-Vorwuerfe 2001). Discrimination against women in companies is a great problem human resource management has to compensate with. Discrimination can occur when unreasonable set ore requirements are set, just as it happened with the female workers using the bathroom. Harassment is a particular form of discrimination, where the behaviour is designed to make a person feel unwelcome, offended, humiliated and intimidated.These entire factors apply to Nikes supervisors and male managers who are involved in those accusations. Sexual harassment is considered physical, visual, verbal and non-verbal behaviour of a sexual nature that is uninvited and unwelcome (Kolbe, Burkart Zundel 2010, p. 103). All of the above has happened in Nike factories involving male supervisors and female workers, which should be a great concern for Nike. 3. Implication of Issues 3. 1 Employee CompensationOver the years Nike has become very skilled at demonstrate its own side of the story, when it comes to accusations regarding their employee compensation and overall labour practices. A direct death penalty of the discovered low salary in Indonesia in 2008 and additionally employees expressing their inability to live of their current salary, Nike published a section called transparency 101 on their website www. nike. com, with all details of their remediation plan, as well as a link to the full report at the world(prenominal) Alliance site.The Global Alliance is a union of companies and public groups, which includes Nike, The Gap, and The earthly concern Bank amongst their members (Menschenrechte in Asien 2009). The Centre for societal Development Studies at the Atma Jaya Catholic University in Jakarta carefully produced and comported the report on behalf of the Global Alliance. Researchers conducted private interviews, surveys and focus groups that involved more than 4,450 workers in nine factories in enact to put down an effort to solve the problems considered child labour and unsatisfying wages (Werner-Lobo 2008, p. 8). other outcome of this discovery was raising public awareness of Nikes methods and damaging their image in the long run. Human rights organisations raised their vocalisms for the employees in Indonesia and Vietnam that could not do so themselves and made the issue spread world-wide on public media in order to put Nike under pressure to make a transform (Menschenrechte in Asien 2009). Also in order to show an effort Nike fired several managers in affected factories.The employees itself remained silent, means there were no strikes or a high number of resignations to be found. supercharge independent audits curb been commissioned to tick off that all factories are nonrecreational the new minimum wage and that workers understand the wage and overtime calculations (Werner-Lobo 2008, p. 98). 3. 2 Employee Motivation Considering the issue N ike has with motivating their employees in the right way, which means not with rules that touch their human rights or inacceptable punishment, there are several implications to be found.Nikes answer to their dissatisfied and unmotivated workers is a new system of training they introduced. In eight factories in Vietnam and eight factories in Confederate China since 2008, Nike offers workshops in order to strengthen contract manufacturers HRM systems and support run manufacturing implementation (Workers and Factories 2011). Before the actual workshops take place, in each factory employee gaiety surveys were completed in order to understand the top issues workers are facing and also to measure mutual trust and respect in the factories.In every factory action plans were real soulfulnessly in order to address core HRM areas, including supervisory skills, employee turnover, incentive structures, and employee satisfaction (Workers and Factories 2011). Another outcome from employees ra ising their voices and speaking up about the inhuman rules and treatments in their factories, is greater supervision of Nike from the government and human rights organisations, to make sure, Nike is on the right cut (Fair Labor at Nike 2012).former(a) than that, Nike had to face a lot of complaints from retailers, since a queen-sized amount of manufactured jerseys were poorly stitched and had manufacturing mistakes, since employees did not put a lot of effort in their work anymore and started to glue, stich and sew inaccurately. This cost the concern a lot of money which they rather should have invested in training or the recruiting process in order to employ managers and supervisors with better human resource management skills and behaviour (Nike sorgt sich um den Heimatmarkt 2008). 3. 3 Occupational Health and SafetyAfter the death of two workers and the entire workforce in South China showing their dissatisfaction with Nikes care for their employees health and safety, Nike agai n, responded very quickly after the incidents occurred. The company promised to upgrade their sanitation and to implement food service meters in all factories in order to ensure a healthy and hygienic environment (Trouble discovered in Nikes Indonesian factories 2010). Also supervisors in affected factories were replaced and a special officer just dealing with occupational health and safety issues was introduced.The two deaths were further investigated and Nike didnt get pressed with legal charges since a direct link could not be made out 100% (Trouble discovered in Nikes Indonesian factories 2010). Furthermore Nike shiftd its policies when it comes to sick leave and allows their employees to leave their work place, go home and see a doctor after talking to the OH&S officer and getting his approval, which is an improvement considering no leave at all was permitted (Trouble discovered in Nikes Indonesian factories 2010). . 4 Quality of Work Life Since Nike has a lot of human resour ce management issues to deal with, they became professional over time how to deal with them. So the first outcome of the issue, that in factories in South East Asia working quality is very poor and on the lower edge, Nike has constructed an elaborate program to deal with labour issues in the 900-odd supplier factories (none owned by Nike) that churn out its products in some 50 countries (Nike 2010). By developing several initiatives, Nike landed at the No. spot in 2012 on Fortune magazines Most admire Companies for HR list, which is an HR-specific recalibration of Fortunes Most Admired Companies list (Case Study for Nike 2009). Because of the poor working environment and work life in general the turnover rate in factories in China was dramatically higher than in factories of competitors and a significant number of workers would not show up in the morning without excuses, which created a major problem for Nike since production slowed down (Nike sorgt sich um den Heimatmarkt 2008).Als o in the specific case of scarper B, she received a bonus of five dollars monthly and protective clothing, barely she will suffer from lifelong breathing difficulties, skin irritation and infertility (Harte Arbeit, wenig Geld 2009). 3. 5 Managing Diversity The immediate implication of Nikes issue of harassment when it comes to managing diversity and having few women under just male supervision, Nike utilize an harassment training for managers and workers using local resource people, and initiated a musical score system for workers to claim forth issues without fear of retri just nowion.The women who were sexually harassed were helped by providing psychotherapy (Reaktion auf Ausbeutungs-Vorwuerfe 2001). Other than that, cameras were installed at bathroom entrances to monitor people passing in and coming out, trying to give employees a feeling of security. No legal charges were pressed against supervisors or Nike itself (again), although an employer can be held vicariously con ceivable for the discriminatory acts of his employees against others. Nike also created an employee council, workers can speak to anonymously when problems occur so a solution can be found together (Reaktion auf Ausbeutungs-Vorwuerfe 2001). 4.Recommendations 4. 1 Employee Compensation Considering that Nike does not have a real compensation system in their production factories in South East Asia as stated earlier on, my first recommendation for the human resource manager would be to implement a human resource information system in order to hoard and store data about the employees productivity and therefore what type of compensation and especially salary they deserve individually. Since Nike employs a large number of workers the implementation of payroll is necessary, since it is an accounting system that is adequate of processing a large number of transactions.It is relatively easy to collect the data of how much time a worker spend at the actual work place, how many items he produ ced and how accurate his outcomes are with a scanner or by taking samples. Storing all this data for each employee is manually almost impossible, therefore is the use of a HRIMS beneficial because it increases the dialogue on all levels and includes data on employees, jobs and work condition as well as position, leave and the management in order to also make sure that child labour can be outruled. Another recommendation for Nike would be the consideration of the general change and how to manage it. 0 years ago, Nike might already let their employees work under the very(prenominal) or worse condition as they do today, but back then the general interest in this subject was relatively humiliated and countries in South East Asia were not as highly developed as Western countries or as they are today. In order for an organisation to succeed they must respond to the pace of change, that means the human resource manager especially need to take the role of an change agent and needs to be aware of external factors and how the companies culture needs to adjust.The change in government regulations, which today are more refer about child labour and correct payment and treatment of employees, is a force Nike cant walk away from, but has to adapt to and change its mentality and treatment of employees. Basically the corporate culture, which means the values, beliefs, assumptions and symbols that restore the way in which Nike conducts its business need to be renewed in order to meet human rights standards. 4. 2 Employee MotivationIn order to avoid dissatisfied and unmotivated employees as well as poorly skilled supervisors and managers the exercising of human resource information system in the prospective would be a great help. With HRIMS the company will experience enhanced discourse across all levels of the organisation, which gives the employees in a factory in Vietnam the chance to communicate their feelings as well as reporting incidents that occurred with their s upervisors directly to the headquarters in Oregon. With HRIMS next to individual data and previous experience you can store and manage the ondition of service of every employee and supervisor. Working hours can be demonstrateed with a digital scanning card as well as break times in order to make sure, an employee gets enough breaks. The fact, that HRIMS provides transparency, which means informs those who are monitored, will be assistive in permit supervisors know immediately, when they are acting wrong. Also the surveys Nike conducts before providing training, can easily be made, stored and evaluated with a HRIMS. Other than that the development of performance management systems can be a great help in order to solve Nikes problem of employees motivation.The company has to be aware, that over time many factors, internal and external, will change and they have to adapt to this. perchance 30 years ago, employees accepted such behaviour of their supervisors, but not today anymore, since the country itself developed over the years as well as its peoples self-confidence. Nike needs to understand how important human resource management in general is in todays work life and managers need to promote trust among their workforce. They need to ensure that human resource policies and practices are fair and equitable since the employees voice is critical to performance improvement and innovation. . 3 Occupational Health and Safety Considering Nikes issues with their health and safety policies I would recommend them to implement this section in their HRIMS. The newly introduced officer for occupational health and safety can create a policy catalogue via HRIMS all employees and supervisors as well as managers have access to. It can keep a record of what illnesses a worker had or what medicine he is required to take on a daily bases so Nike can make sure to provide those needed, since HRIMS increases flexibility by adapting to present and future requirements.The costs th ese implementations bring along would definitely be outweighed by the benefits Nike will gain from them. Other than that Nike has to adapt to the incremental change which involves gradual modifications to existing activities. This means that the change is evolutionary and Nike has to adapt to a certain health and safety standard that is required today and got developed over the years. The organisation initially needs to be unfreezed, which means it needs to be prepared for the change with the implementation of new OH&S rules in the HRMIS, the exchange of existing supervisors or an keen training for the existing ones.This is followed by taking action so that the change actually occurs. They need to practice and follow those rules so employees feel and see a difference. In the end this state needs to be refreezed by continuously reinforcing the desired outcomes, which are employees who trust the company and feel safe and taken care of. 4. 4 Quality of Work Life Considering a general improvement in the work life of every employee, the management has to make sure, that there is autonomy, the degree to which the job provides freedom, independence and discretion to the individual as a safe and healthy environment amongst others.Human capabilities need to be developed and a social integration needs to take place. apply the HRMIS for this purpose it again can be very beneficial since the system can easily create routine reports, exception reports, on-demand reports and forecasts which all will work together as a whole in order to help the management in improving the work environment and an employees satisfaction by increasing the work life quality. It is a strategical and competitive tool which has to be customized for Nike and contain data of an employees satisfaction level, of legal advice and regulations, feedback and survey outcomes.Other than that again, change has to be taken into consideration, since the workforce has changed its fount and is dominated by c hange, as well as the needs employees crave nowadays for and what work environment is acceptable to do the required work. Globalisation, scientific change and changes in government regulations are external forces Nike has to deal with. Since a high quality of work life should be a great priority for Nike they need to adapt to the transformational change, since it produces revolutionary shifts in Nikes strategies, culture and structure.A general problem Nike has is that they still manufacture their products in low-cost countries with very low standards for their workers. As an American corporation they should not downgrade the standards that would exist in a factory in the US to the countries general standards, but change the way of thinking. Their business strategy is, to produce at factories not owned by Nike itself, at the cheapest price possible in order to increase the profit. Maybe it is time for a change and taking a workers life and soul more into consideration than just thi nking about the revenue. 4. 5 Managing DiversityWhen it comes to Nikes problem of managing diversity and discriminate minor groups such as women, HRIMS can also be helpful and beneficial. Since it is enhancing communication across all levels, problems can be communicated faster and actions can be taken. The cameras can be linked to the HRIMS in order for the footage to be accessible easily and not just within the factory itself. Workers can use HRIMS to report incidents anonymously so solutions can be found. Nike also needs to take its strategic human resource objectives into account, since they affect all aspects of the workplace relations.Nikes workforce should experience open communication, procedural legal expert and organisational support when problems occur. The corporate cultures, which means the values, beliefs, assumptions and symbols that define the way in which Nike conduct its business, needs to focus more on fighting discriminatory behaviour and how to fully integrate minorities. With training they need to raise awareness of what has happened and through with(predicate) communication, participation, counselling and certainty the issues need to be solved so they do not repeat themselves. 5.Conclusion After learning about the variety of human resource management issues that can occur in a company and actually did happen at Nike Inc. , you can see that managing your employees is a light-sensitive field, where mistakes easily occur if you do not pay enough attention to your employees wants and needs. Today it is really important for every company to have a human resource management department, with a human resource manager who in first place and most importantly has the role of the employee champion as well as the one of a change agent.Nike showed an effort by reaching out to their workforce immediately after every incident occurred and tried to improve where mistakes were found. Further improvements can also be made by implementing a HRMIS and co nsidering the power of change. The winning companies of the future will be those most adapt at leveraging global talent to transform themselves, their industries, and creating better jobs for everyone. 6. References About Nike Inc, 2012, Nike Inc. , viewed 20 November 2012, . Case Study for Nike 2009, viewed 20 November 2012, . Fair Labor at Nike 2012, viewed 15 November 2012, . Harte Arbeit, wenig Geld 2009, Stiftung Warentest, viewed 17 November 2012, . How Nikes HR pros help the giant company stay competitive 2011, HR Communication, viewed 20 November 2012, .Kolbe, M , Burkart, B & Zundel, F 2010, Personalmanagement Grundlagen und Praxis des Human Resources Managements, 2nd edn, Gabler, Deutschland. Menschenrechte in Asien 2009, Forum, viewed 18 November 2012, . Nike 2010, viewed 18 November 2012, . Nike sorgt sich um den Heimatmarkt 2008, pecuniary Times Deutschland, viewed 15 November 2012, .