Causes of Dyslexia

Causes of DyslexiaPossible Causes of DyslexiaDyslexia is a development disability that causes exercise and langu epoch difficulties, in terms of verbalize or written. Today, there ar many seekes actively taking place regarding the fundamental causes of dyslexia (Temple, 2002 Ramus 2001 2003) and a bit of possibilities ar beginning to emerge but the specific cause is yet to be discovered. notwithstanding, there are several theories proposed by specialist doctors and researchers and also some evidence which can help in elucidative the origin of this condition and they believed that these are the realizable causes which are transmittable inheritance, neurological differences, phonologic put out and blend but not least, hearing caper.Genetic InheritanceDyslexia is inherited in families, and is oft snips accompanied by odd-handedness which believed by most of the researchers. However, it also cannot be generalized that all dyslectic parent leave behind prevail a dyslexi c child or a left-handed child will withdraw dyslexia, yet according to them, it can identified that between a third and a half of children who piss learning difficulties history and more than half who have a family member who is left-handed are dyslexic people.That inherited genes run in the family have a defect that will cause a job with the development of a particular kind of nerve cell in the judgment. The defects in that genes which associated with problems in reading performance are cognize as DCDC2. It was found by a team at the Yale crop of Medicine which also reported that this defective gene appears to interact with KIAA0319, a second dyslexia gene. In the ledger Dyslexia, Dutch scientists reported that dyslexia is a highly heritable learning disorder that has a complex catching architecture. They also added that they can identified several candidate genes which related to the reading performance that whitethorn support to dyslexia susceptibility.Fortunately, ther e are many researches are carried out in the recent years due to the proficiency of technology in soul-scanning. With that, they are able to examine and compare the intelligence of dyslexic and non-dyslexic children. For comparison, the researchers have discover that bunch of cells are found beneath the surface of dyslexic childrens brain which lie on the surface in the brain of non-dyslexic children. These cells are supposedly moving when the brain was develo pivotg in the foetus which is to the surface of the brain but they failed and these defected cells are known as ectopic cells (like an ectopic pregnancy, where the egg fails to exit the womb and is fertilized in the Fallopian tube). They can be found mostly in the front and left cranial orbit of the brain which are very important for reading and constitution ability. Besides that, they also traced that an area of the brain named magno-cellular system is smaller where it deals with the ability to see moving im get along withs. Due to this, dyslexic children will have difficulties in reading process, where the brain has to interpret the different garners and articulates at a faster outrank as they scan words and sentences with their eyes.Neurological DifferencesNeurological or brain differences is the cause of dyslexia where right hemisphere of the brain is larger than non-dyslexic children and they are having strong activity in the right side of their brain. Due to that, dyslexic children are always known to have significant strengths in areas which controlled by the right side of the brain such as musical talent, artistic, athletic and many more. Because of that, they are engaging this area frequently art object performing language tasks. However, language tasks are known to be most efficiently performed in the left side of the brain. These differences lead to dyslexia which consists of structural and functional brain differences.Firstly, in structural, the brain is made up in general of tw o types of material which are gray matter and white matter. color in matter can be found at the lower part of the brain whereas white matter is within the deeper parts of the brain. Gray and white matter are composed of nerve cells and connective fibers covered in myelin, the coating knowing to facilitate communication between nerves respectively. The primary function of gray matter is processing schooling while white matter is responsible for transferring information around the brain. According to Booth and Burman (2001), they found that children with dyslexia have little gray matter in the left parietotemporal area than non-dyslexic individuals. This could lead to problems processing of the sound structure of language ( phonologic sensory faculty).Furthermore, it can be said that dyslexic children who have less white matter in this same area, which is important as more white matter is correlated with increased reading readiness (Deutsch, Dougherty, Bammer, Siok, Gabrieli, Wandell, 2005). If the white matter is less, the ability or efficiency of the regions of the brain to communicate with one another is less as well.In functional brain differences, Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) is known as a method that measures physiological signs of neural activation using a strong magnet to soupcon blood flow. This technique is called functional because participants perform tasks while in (or under) the magnet, allowing measurement of the functioning brain alternatively than the activity of the brain at rest. Several studies using functional imaging techniques that compared the brain activation patterns of readers with and without dyslexia indicate potentially important patterns of differences.For example, a research is carried out by Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and the capital of Massachusetts Childrens Hospital where 40 children had their brains scanned using Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI). They also had their pre-reading skil ls assessed. The children are at the age where they are the beginners in reading process. The brain scans were looking at the arcuate fasciculus (a junction that connects the areas of the brain responsible for written and spoken language). From the study, it can be identified that the more robust this brain portion in children, the more likely they are to perform well on the pre-reading test of phonological awareness.phonological DisorderUsually, for regular children, they have the ability to understand spoken language which can be acquired considerably and naturally from a very early age. Regular children are able to recognize the letters that propose up a word, and then use them to identify the phonemes, and put them together to make sense of the word in terms of reading and writing. However, according to theNational Health Service, reading and writing is difficult for dyslexic children because of phonological processing impairment. They have troubles in recognizing phonemes an d therefore, they have to struggle in order to connect the sound and the letter symbol for that sound and also to blend sounds into words. It is most prominent in their native languages with a immense deal of irregularity of spelling, such as Malay, English and others. For example, the word dog can be low-pitched down into three phonemes. This is, of course, a three letter word made up of three phonemes. However the word read is a four letter word that only has three phonemes. This creates confusion when transaction with the smallest units of speech sound (phonemes).Moreover, dyslexic children mostly have poor short term verbal repositing which is a very common cognitive difficulty. Usually, regular children use verbal memory to blend sounds in words together when reading them for the first time. This is why an inability to read non-words (made up words) is one of the strongest signs of phonological dyslexia. Problems with short term verbal memory naturally lead to difficulties w ith long-term verbal memory. For example, dyslexics may often forget the names of people they have met before or the words that they learned in two days before. This shown that short-term memory also influences their phonological processing. Besides that, it can be seen that for a children with dyslexia, it takes them a lot of time to sound out a word. They are typically have trouble in spelling and expressing themselves in writing and even speaking.The phonological disorder theory is one of explanation for thinkable cause of dyslexia. The fact that the majority of dyslexic children have problems with verbal short term memory adds incubus to the theory of phonological disorder. Indeed, they are struggling in phonological processing.Hearing ProblemHearing problem is one of the least possible causes of dyslexia. The researchers believed that if a child suffers frequent colds and throat infections during their early age, range from 1 to 5 year, the ears will be blocked from time to t ime and eventually it leads to hearing problem. This condition is known as glue ear or conductive hearing loss. The parents of the child should take this into account as it will affect the developing brain that links the sound it hears.At this point, the learning of sounds and words are essential in developing their ability to handle and link the sound to language and text as well. If they cannot hear clearly, they will be unable to hear the difference between words like pin and thin, or fan and van. The lack of clear hearing will also delay the childs phonemic awareness the ability to hear that words are made up of smaller sounds and syllables, like c-a-t, or in-ter-est-ing. Therefore, to be safe, a corrective action should be taken at a very early age to prevent the phonemic problem of their children as it causes lifelong difficulties which may lead to dyslexia.ConclusionIn this research study, it can be concluded that working memory skills affect dyslexic children in terms of re ading, writing and spelling as there is research that stated children who have problem in reading may have severe working memory deficits. They are unable to store the informations for a long time but for dyslexic children, they may forget about it the next day.However, teaching methods or strategies are diligent by the educator in Pacific Speech Therapy and Learning Centre in order to take out their attentions such as playing games, reading from books, guessing based on pictures, constructing sentences and recognizing syllables. The children are also taught singly which is between the teacher and the student only. The instructions for students with learning differences are to be explicit, systematic, structured and multisensory.There are many researches carried out by specialist doctors and researchers regarding dyslexia which lead to possible causes of dyslexia. There are four possible causes where they believed that these are the famous and found by most of the researchers whi ch are genetic inheritance, neurological differences, phonological disorder and last but not least, hearing problem. These are connected to each other as the genetic inheritance are the root of the cause as it plays an important role of brain development and it goes on and on to hearing problem which is certainly true. However, the specific cause is yet to be discovered and assuage remains unclear.Regarding to the effects of dyslexia, it may varies according to the severity of dyslexia and success of the therapy followed by them. There is no regain for dyslexia as it is a specific learning disorder which need supports from educational institutes to improve on their reading, learning and spelling skills, it can be done in a special educations lessons and with the right and appropriate sanative methods bound with differences of each dyslexic individual, the difficulties faced by them can be reduced.ReferencesKaufman, Lorna N., PH.D., and Pamela Hook, PH.D.,The Dyslexia Puzzle Putti ng The Pieces Together, Newton, Mass. world(prenominal) Dyslexia Society, New England branch, 1998.Carrion-Castillo, A., Franke, B. and Fisher, S. E. (2013), Molecular Genetics of Dyslexia An Overview. Dyslexia, 19214240.Snowling, M. J. (2000).Dyslexia. Blackwell Publishing.http//www.solasbt7.com/Causes-of-Dyslexia-6809.htmlAppendixFigure 1Figure 2