Moral and Social Philosophy

Moral philosophy is focused on the habits, customs, and values of a certain individual (Wikipedia, 2007). It has the following sub-categories meta-ethical motive normative ethics as well as, applied ethics (Wikipedia, 2007).One of the major contri stillors of this school day of thought is Im soldieryuel Kant who said that deontology holds that an bout is considered to be right if it goes with the virtuous master or principle (honorable.., 2001). For example, pargonnts leave let to decide whether or not to have their children immunized. Since it is required by the legality then the p arents will have to let their children to be immunized it is the right thing to do because it goes on with the moral rule or principle (Ethical.., 2007). complaisant PhilosophySocial philosophy is technic completelyy defined as a study which addresses dilemmas concerning kind/human behaviors (Wikipedia, 2007). It covers the following areas effects of culture, effects of science, revolution, soc ial contract, etc (Wikipedia, 2007). Simply put, social philosophy concerns itself with moral principles as applied to problems of equality, freedom, as well as, rightness (Wikipedia, 2007).One of the major contributors of social philosophy is behind Locke who groundd that custody are equal, free, as well as independent thus, they possess the force of reason, which gives them the right to preserve their property including their life, liberty, as well as, e tells (Bennagen, 2000).In extension to that, he believes that the state of nature is one that is in a state of perfect equality, freedom, liberty, and rationality but it is possible to turn into a state of war especially in cases where there exists the absence of a ordinary judge (Bennagen, 2000). Thus, for him, entering into social contract is necessitated so as not to go finished anything that is similar to the state of war (Bennagen, 2000). Last but not least, he also believes that the people have the right to compel a government that tyrannical in nature (Bennagen, 2000).SubjectivismSubjectivism is the act of do moral judgements, however, based on an individuals emotion ( morals.., n.d.). For example, in judging if something is nice, an individual has to have a positive emotions near it otherwise it should not be labeled or declared as something nice ( morals.., n.d.).Advocates of subjectivism claim that since moral judgments are decided upon subjectively or basing on emotions, then individuals are fully rational during such a period (Ethics.., n.d.).The major problem with subjectivism, however, is that, since it is based on emotions, the person may all the more arrive at wrongly decisions or judgments, for example, date a nice and handsome young but married man may feel nice but that doesnt mean it is moral to do so (Ethics.., n.d.).One kind of subjectivism is known as metaphysical subjectivism and one of the major contributors of the aforementioned school of thought is Descartes (Wikiped ia, 2007).EgoismEthical egoism or simply egoism is doing something to fulfill an individuals own interest whether it may be good or abusive to other people (Wikipedia, 2007). Egoism does not take into consideration the eudaemonia of others nor does it do anything to be of assistance or help to others (Wikipedia, 2007).One of the contributors of this crabby school of thought is Thomas Hobbes who advocated that self-interests should be pursued and practiced so that freedom may be equal to everybody (Wikipedia, 2007). He also believes that veritable(a) if there is self-interest, it is impossible that an individual may be harmed because humans are typically the same when it comes to their wants and needs (Wikipedia, 2007).Virtue EthicsVirtue Ethics is where Aristotles moral theory is taken into consideration (Ethical.., 2001). Here, it is said that an act is right if it is what a virtuous agent would do in the good deal (Ethical.., 2001). Lets take for instance, the case on immuniza tion, currently, there is a dilemma with regards to having every child immunized before going to school, utilizing equity ethics in critical thinking, parents may decide that they will allow their children to be immunized because it is not solo good for their children, but it will benefit all the others as well (Ethical.., 2001).Ethical RelativismEthical relativism is where social, personal, historical, as well as, cultural considerations are the basis of ones judgment or decision (Wikipedia, 2007).A contributor to this school of thought named Jean-Paul Sartre in fact claims that somebodys morals, if any, will be proven only if the person follows certain social norms (Wikipedia, 2007).UtilitarianismJohn Stuart Mills Utilitarianism is make on the concept or principles of utility, which he believes is the foundation of morals (Bennagen, 2000). It holds that actions are right in proportion as they tend to promote happiness, wrong as they tend to produce the reverse of happiness (Ben nagen, 2000). Happiness, according to John Stuart Mill, is equated to pleasure and the absence of pain, while unhappiness, for him, refers to pain and the privation of pleasure (Bennagen, 2000). flavorless ImperativeThis rationally dictates a course of action independent of any(prenominal) goals the agentmay have (Encarta, 2007). By this, Immanuel Kant also meant that the moral law is categorical or that it applies to all situations, and by imperative, he meant, it is commanding, thus fashioning it absolutely authoritative (Gaarder, 1991).Immanuel Kant stated the Categorical Imperative in 2 key formulations 1) coif as if the maxim of your action were to become through your will a general natural law (Encarta, 2007), meaning, that it should apply to all people in all societies at all times (Gaarder, 1991) and 2) Act so that you treat humanity, whether in your own person or in that of another, always as an end and never as a promoter only (Encarta, 2007). By this statement, he mea nt, we should not exploit others to our own advantage (Gaarder, 1991).ReferencesBennagen, Pia. (2000). Social, Economic and Political Thought. Quezon City Universityof the Philippines Press.Encarta. (2005). Immanuel Kant. Retrieved may 26, 2007 from http//www.encarta.com.Ethical Theories Compared. (2001). Retrieved May 26, 2007 fromhttp//www.trinity.edu.Ethics 02 Subjectivism. (n.d.). Retrieved May 26, 2007 fromhttp//www.jcu.edu/philosophy/gensler/et/et-02-00.htmGaarder, Jostein. (1991). Sophies World. New York Farrar, Straus & Giroux Inc.,Wikipedia. (2007). Cogito Ergo Sum. Retrieved May 26, 2007 fromhttp//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cogito_Ergo_SumWikipedia. (2007). Egoism. Retrieved May 26, 2007 fromhttp//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethical_egoismWikipedia. (2007). Ethical Relativism. Retrieved May 26, 2007 fromhttp//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethical_relativismWikipedia. (2007). Moral Philosophy. Retrieved May 26, 2007 fromhttp//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moral_philosophyWikipedia. (2007). Social Philosophy. Retrieved May 26, 2007 fromhttp//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_philosophy