Cuisines & Traditions Essay Example for Free

Cuisines Traditions Essay We will discuss in our assignment the different cultural traditional cuisines of top five countries which influenced the food now being eaten. Then later in second phase of assignment we will discuss the traditional food preparation and dinning patterns of these five countries. SPAIN: Spanish cuisines are dominated by fresh produce, light seasoning of seafood from the Atlantic Ocean, Mediterranean Sea, and fresh water mountain streams. For the purpose of culinary, we divided Spain into seven regions: Canary Islands, North Coast, North Interior, Central Plains, Northeast, Southeast Coast, South. The North Coast is cool, wet lush. It is known for its famous Basque culinary traditions, cuisine here is highly valued. Basque cooking techniques includes slow simmering in olive oil and subtle red green sauces. Fish dishes flourish with the northernmost region, and famous for its assorted and finer sea foods. Huge variety of herbs used with lamb and veal. The most popular cuisines are fish and meat pie. North interior is popular for local trout. White asparagus, baby artichokes, peas, potatoes, beans, wheat and sweet pepper are grown along with rivers. This region is particularly famous for its simple cooking techniques and popular dishes are bread sauteed with meats, eggs vegetables. Central plains are famous for fresh meat, beans and sausage. Saffron and cheese is commonly used in their food. Catalonia is famous for its unique combinations of food like squid with pork, rabbit with raisins. Romesco sauce and sweet seasonings are used to flavor savory dishes. Spanish Levant or Southeast Coast is famous for its huge groves of citrus fruit, grapevine yards and vegetable farms. This region is popular for its well known seafood dish. â€Å"Paella†. MOROCCO: Moroccan cuisine is the culinary star of its region North Africa. As it is at the cross roads of many civilizations, It is blended with Arab, Berber, Moorish, French, Middle Eastern, African, Iberian Jewish influences. Moroccan cuisines are rich with fruits, fresh or dried like apricots, dates, figs and raisins. Moroccan chicken and pigeon dishes are flavored specially by lemon preserved in a salt-lemon juice mixture. Nuts are also used in Moroccan dishes commonly like in pine nuts, pistachios and almonds. Moroccan sweets are famous for its rich flavors of fruits, cinnamons and almonds. Spices are used extensively in this particular cuisine. Since thousands of years, Moroccan cuisines flavors are richly flavored by Saffron from Taliounie, olives and mint from Meknes, lemons and oranges from Fes. Spices commonly used are karfa (cinnamon), kharkoum (turmeric), skingbir (ginger), libraz (pepper), kamoun (cumin), Pakistan: Pakistan has been rich in all of its tradition and cuisines. It is not much different from the Indian, Iran and Afghanistan cuisine. Most of the herbs, spices are used in both cuisines are same. Pork is banned in Pakistan as it is not a halal meat. Most of the drinks are non alcoholic. There is a huge variety of Pakistani cuisine. It includes Mughlai, Sindhi, Punjabi, Balochi, North Western cuisine. Pakistan cuisine is one of the most traditional, culturally oriented, and diverse cuisines in the world. Meat is a major diet component in Pakistani cuisine. Moreover, vegetables, pulses and beans are also important. Wheat and rice is a necessary item of food at any time. The spices used in the cuisine range from mild, hot, spicy, and very spicy. Most of the cuisines are spicy. The meat dishes are first marinated in yogurt and spices for few hours and then cook on slow flame. These dishes are very popular in Pakistan. The famous dishes of Pakistani cuisines are Briyani, Korma, Kabab, Tikka, Pulao, Behari Kabab, Murgh Chana, Tandori fish Jehanga. a huge variety of deserets are Kher, Sherkhurma, and Rabari etc. Traditionally, these dishes are served with special types of breads known as Chapattis or Paratha, or with brown rice. The sweets of Pakistan are famous for their huge variety. Most of the sweets are made of milk, rice, variety of nuts and flour with Banasmati Ghee. The traditional drinks of Pakistan are Lasse, Tea, Kashmeeri Chai, and Doodh Pati. AUSTRALIA: The infinite variety of foods and cuisines of Australia reflects the variation of its land and provides rich cultural cuisines. In South, lamb, scallops and lobster are used in all their dishes. Fruits like citrus, grapes, melons, tomatoes and stone fruits along with apples and cherries are grown excessively in Australia. Australia cookery is famous for Lamb Roast, Lamingtons. Steak and Kidney Pies. Pavlova, Soldier’s cake and Anzac Biscuits are again famous for great afternoon teas with scones made up of Lamington and Pumpkin. Another famous food of Australia is Damper, traditional bread made without yeast. Australian cuisines are also known well for its variety of tastes in sweets. A chocolate coated cake dust with desiccated coconut served with whipped cream is another delight ful food served in the country and it is highly popular. Indigenous food is very popular in the country. Calamari seasoned with lemon myrtle tossed with local seafood like scallops, prawns are very famous and highly demanded dish in Australia. Other famous dishes are Kangaroo fillet with Mountain Pepper, springs smoked Salmon, Yabbies Chowder, Yabbies Stir fry with Asian vegetables. Australian cuisines are full of flavors with simple and mouthwatering taste and a variety of different combinations of ingredients. They season food very lightly with salt and black pepper and use little oil for cooking. The cuisine is full of variety ranging from fresh seafood till beef, mutton or chicken, use of fruits and vegetables till eggs of different varieties. The base of the Australian cuisine is simple, fresh yet with exquisite flavors. JAPAN: Japanese cuisine is famous all over the world for its simplest yet incredible taste. The culture of Japan changed drastically so as its cuisine. Modern Japanese cuisine has influence of traditional cuisine of Japan and other civilizations of the world. The staple food used in their cooking is rice, fish, vegetables, noodles. These food items are found almost in every meal at the time of dinner. Though many cultures cuisines have emerged in Japanese cuisine yet the basic and most of the Japanese cuisine is still having flair of their own tradition. Rice is a staple produce in Japan in many varieties and is highly demand in food. Noodles are also widely used in Japanese cuisine as a replacement of rice and sometimes as an additional meal. These food items are served with fish and vegetables. Japanese are fond of fish and other seafood is highly popular in Japan. Apart from them most of the food is boiled and seasoned well with herbs and spicy with not over strong flavors. Food is simple and delicious. The rice served is also boiled. The use of oil is very limited in Japanese cuisines and fried things are few in the cuisines. Only tempura is the highly successful and famous fried dish of Japan. Few famous dishes of Japan are Tempura, Sushi, Domburi, Onigiri, Kare Raisu, Fried rice, Chazuke, Kayu, Sashimi, Yakizanka. Apart from them Soba, Udon, Ramen, Somen, Yakisoba are highly popular fish, rice and noodles dishes. In this phase of the assignment we will discuss the different preparation of food and dinning patterns of different countries as mentioned above. SPAIN: Spanish cuisine is highly popular due to its huge variety of fresh and delicious foods. Family cooking is a tradition of Spain and comparatively simple dishes are in cuisines which are simple to prepare and includes fresh ingredients. Besides meat, chicken, fish and seafood, rice, beans, eggs and vegetables are included in most of their dishes. Tapas is a small morsels or appetizers which are prepared in huge variety and play an important role in the meals throughout the whole long day. Spanish life style is quiet different from American. A typical or traditional dinning pattern involves a light breakfast around 8 in the morning. Then a mid breakfast is served in the middle of the morning around 11. At 1 p. m. usually Tapas is served with a three course lunch at around 3. Then a tea is served with snacks and biscuits at 6 and evening tea later with Tapas at 8 p. m. At last a three course supper is served at 10. Mostly the food is prepared in a traditional way with family. There is a tradition that all families’ women prepare the food and they along with their whole family sit and enjoys the food at one large dinning table. They are of the opinion that it gives them opportunity to enjoy food with family as well as to discuss each other matters and help in solving them. MOROCCO: The dinning pattern of Moroccan is very simple. They start up their day with a breakfast. Many Moroccans eat bread with olive oil and tea along with different varieties of Moroccan crepes. Lunch is a big and main meal of the day. Members of the family come home from school and work. They all sit around a table which is low in the salon. Traditionally, female members prepare foods and serve it. The female member comes before the meal time with a kettle of water, soap and a basin made of aluminum and a dishtowel which she carries over her forearm. She comes near to every family member of the family and pours a little water on their hands to wash with the soap and rinse. Everyone gathered around one big plate placed in the center of the table. When the family head says â€Å"Bismillah† (in the name of God), then the meal starts. Usually the Moroccan eat with their right hand. The take a piece of bread in their hand to scoop up with the food and the feast begins. The lunch meal comprises of a selection of salads with a tagine and couscous. After lunch, the host clears up the table and serves the tea with a plate of fruits. Since the lunch is the main meal time and big, the dinner is usually low and simple. Sometimes people eat leftovers from lunch or prepare soup. In the wedding the feast is enormous. The meal starts with pastilla, then tagine and after that couscous is served. Then a variety of fruits and at last a mint tea is served with almond filled pastries. PAKISTAN: Normally, Pakistani takes three meals a day, breakfast, lunch and dinner. During evening times, many families take tea with local bakery products. However during Ramadan, the eating patterns changes to Sehri Iftar. In this country, people usually eat with right hand and consider it as their Islamic tradition. Traditionally, Pakistani families serve food on a table cloth known as Dastarkhaun.. It is placed on floor and all the family members sit and eat over there. A typical Pakistani breakfast consists of eggs, Paratha, lacha, kolcha with tea or Lasse. Qeema, fresh seasonal fruits, milk, honey, butter, jam, and nuts are taken during breakfast. On weekdays or holidays halwa puri with channay is highly popular and in demand. Pakistani breakfast tends to be very heavy. During lunch time, usually meat dishes are prepared with chapattis or rice. A typical Pakistani lunch consists of meat curries, or lentils with some traditionally made vegetables. Other than meat curries, rice are cooked with meat known as Briyani or Pulao is highly popular in the country. Other than that, nihari and fried fish is also regarded highly during lunch time. Dinner is considered to be main meal when whole family gathers for a occasion. Lentils are never prepared during dinner time, and food prepared which is more savory like kofte, kebabs, Pulao, are prepared. These are served with mint sauce, pickle and salad. And later the traditional desserts are served like kheer, gulab jamun, and kulfi or ras malai and shahi tukaray. AUSTRALIA: The dinning patterns in Australia are very different then usually we observe in other countries eating habits. Dinner is the main meal of the day when families gather and spend the whole evening together. Sometimes families sit at a dining table and ensure their children to use cutlery proper and obey table manners. Traditionally the food is cooked by the mother with or without help of any other family members. As social changes incurred, fathers also cook. In summers barbecues are very common especially on social events. It is a tradition that man cooks the meat, and women of that family do the other things. In Australia, eating out culture developed strongly. It is common for most of the people to go to cafes regularly for lunch or breakfast. In general, visits to restaurants are considered as treat and are regarded as a special occasions. Fast food culture is highly popular in Australia nowadays. Local variants of fast food as well as international brands like Mc Donald’s, KFC, and Pizza Hut are very popular in the country. Local producer like Burger Fuel Hell Pizza are highly rewarded. Georgia Pie is another highly rewarded company in the fast food industry. JAPAN: Japanese’s dinning patterns are very simple and highly sophisticated. Japanese food is served in bowls and the chopsticks are used along with bowls for dinning purpose. Use of spoons is very rare in Japanese dinning. The Japanese often sit on western style table with chairs. They have cushions on tatami mats with a low dinning table. They usually sit on floor. Japanese food is freshly prepared and has a special aroma in their food. Sea food is must in their meal at dinner. Salmon, tuna, scallops, prawn and other types of sea food are eaten with a thick, spicy wasabe sauce. A part from it, the food is served elegantly in bite site portions. During lunch time, chicken grilled with quail eggs and pork are highly popular in Japan. Mushrooms with other vegetables are an essential part of dinning at any time. Sushi is also very popular and is considered to be quiet expensive and special dish. It is usually prepared for special occasions. The Breakfast of the Japanese is very simple with mint or green tea with some biscuits or fruits. Japanese food is not only healthy but has low calories which is the key of their healthy living style. REFERENCES: ? Ashkenazi, Michael Jacob, Jeanne 2000. â€Å"The essence of Japanese cuisines† Published by Pennsylvania press. ? . Casado, Matt A. 1997. â€Å"The Spanish cuisine. † The gourmet’s companion. Published by: Wiley Sons. ? Simpson, Maureen 1998. â€Å"The Australian Cuisine†. Published by: Methuen Haynes, ? Haider, Malik 2006. â€Å"Customs and Cultures of Pakistan†. Published by: Green wood publisher. ? Hal, Fatema 2002. â€Å"Food of Morocco†. Published by Tuttle publishing.

Needs of Specific Groups of Disabled or Older People

Needs of Specific Groups of Disabled or Older People Outlining the impairments, conditions, rights, and needs of specific groups of disabled or older people Rhojoesa Bingayen 3.1-3.3  A. People with autism spectrum disorders (ASD)   Autism Autism is a complex developmental disorder of brain function accompanied by a broad range of severity of intellectual and behavioural deficits. It usually begins within the first two-and-a-half years of a child’s life (Gillberg et.al., 2011). It causes affected children to experience the world differently from the way most other kids do. Autistic children often appear normal physically but their behaviour may often times seem strange and disturbing as compared to normal children. Autism is marked by three prominent symptoms, which are – impairments in social interaction, impairment in communication, and repetitive behaviour. Children with autism display extreme odd behaviours in the sense that they might either be overly aggressive or abnormally passive. They do not connect with other people around them and do not reciprocate to communication verbal or nonverbal. Their social expressions are limited to extreme display of emotions like screaming, crying or laughing profusely with infrequent signs of subtle expression such as smiling or frowning. They do not establish and maintain eye contact when communicating. They develop routines and are resistant to changes in their routines, they get upset when their routines are broken. People with autism tend to exhibit compulsive behaviour and develop ritualistic behaviour in their daily routine. Common repetitive behaviours include hand-flapping, head banging, rocking, jumping and twirling, arranging and rearr anging objects and repeating sounds or words. Consequences a. Individual Discrimination due to an autistic childs abnormal behavior, people around him may discriminate him, brand him as crazy and they may have prejudgements about him. Isolation because he is being discriminated upon, he may further isolate himself and not connect with other people anymore Potential for neglect because of his inability to express himself, his family and carers may not know what he wants or needs leading to neglect Potential for abuse due to his difficult behaviour, his family and carers may be frustrated leading to potential physical or verbal abuse Low self-esteem because he is different from others, his self-esteem may become lower Potential for self-mutilation his repetitive and unusual behaviours may result in harming himself. If he is disrupted from his routines, he may throw tantrums and hurt himself. b. Family Stress constantly caring and managing the difficult behaviour of an autistic child can be very stressful to the family Exhaustion – the physical demands of caring for an autistic child can be very tiring leading to exhaustion. Autistic children often have disturbed sleep pattern and they need constant supervision which is physically exhausting. Burn out – constant exposure to stress and exhaustion can lead to burn out of the family. They may feel isolated and depressed and may reach breaking point if they don’t get help. Guilt – the parents may feel feelings of guilt and blame themselves for the condition of their child. Embarrassment because of the unusual behaviour of the autistic child, the family may feel embarrassed especially when they are in public places Isolation – due to embarrassment, they may opt to stay at home and not socialize anymore Financial problems – autistic children may need more for his needs, therapies and medications and the family may struggle with their finances. c. Carers Stress – constantly looking after an autistic child and managing his unusual behaviour can be very stressful to the carer. When the child’s routine is disrupted and he gets very upset, he may throw tantrums putting the carer under stress. Exhaustion – physical demands of caring for an autistic child is tiring and can lead to exhaustion. The child may be overly passive or overly active and they may be very difficult to handle leading to exhaustion. Burn out – constant exposure to stress can lead to burn out. This may cause the carer to lose interest in taking care of the child leading to neglect and abuse. May give up job – the carer may be unable to cope with the challenging behaviours of the child and may give up caring for the child Impact on the diverse dynamic of the family Autism affects not only the individual but the whole family. An autistic child may have unusual behaviours, difficulty expressing himself and difficulty connecting with people. This can cause parents to have a hard time accepting the child’s condition and they may feel very frustrated of not being able to connect with their child. Autism may be very overwhelming for them and they may feel very depressed about the condition of their child. Stress due to unusual behaviours can lead to burn out and feelings of emptiness. They may feel anger, resentment and guilt. All the family members may feel isolated and helpless and they may neglect themselves putting forward the needs of their autistic child. Autism can either bind the whole family giving support to each other while caring for the autistic child or the constant exposure of the family in a stressful environment may lead to their falling out as a family. Code of Rights Right to be treated with respect Even though a child is autistic, he is still a human being and has the right to be treated with respect whatever behaviour he may display. Even if he cannot express himself, he still has the right to have his own privacy respected. Right to freedom from discrimination, coercion, harassment and exploitation His unusual behaviours make him prone to discrimination and his inability to connect and communicate with people can lead to exploitation and abuse. People should bear in mind that he is a human being and have the right to freedom from discrimination, coercion, harassment and exploitation. Right to dignity and independence Family and carers must ensure that his dignity and independence is upheld. As much as possible promote independence to the child, encourage him to do things to increase his self-esteem and dignity. Right to services of an appropriate standard The family should be made aware of the services that they can tap for the benefit of their autistic child. The child should not be denied of services appropriate for him and his family to optimise their quality of life. He is entitled to early intervention services and special education. Right to effective communication Due to inability to express himself, people should try all means to communicate effectively with him so that he may understand information conveyed to him. Right to be fully informed Even if he cannot communicate effectively, an autistic person together with his family still have the right to be fully informed of whatever procedure or services that will be done to him. Right to support The need of an autistic child is different from normal kids and they may need enormous amount of support. As an individual, they have the right to be given the support that they need. Support needs Autistic children need early and life-long intervention to manage their behaviour and enhance their communication skills. Early intensive behavioural therapies in young autistic children are effective in improving their social and communication skills and it can promote their independence as an individual. There are support groups that are available for families and their autistic child so that they can better deal with autism and optimize their lives. These groups provide counselling, behavioural therapies, accommodation and supported living, respite services, training and education, and day services. These groups are: Autism Parent Support Group Autism Therapy Groups Autism NZ Altogether Autism Mental Health Foundation NZ Intellectually Handicapped Children (IHC) Ministry of Education District Health Boards B. People with dementias 3.1-3.3 Dementia According to Alzheimer’s New Zealand (2012), â€Å"dementia occurs as a result of physical changes in the structure of the brain†. These changes can affect memory, thinking, behaviour, personality and emotion. Because dementia is a progressive syndrome, symptoms will gradually worsen. Plaques and tangles form in the brain and spread through the cortex as dementia progresses causing the nerve cells to die. The plaques and tangles disrupt the messages within the brain, damaging the connections between the brain cells. The brain shrinks due to loss of nerve cells, the cerebral cortex (gray matter) become less and the spaces between the cells become wider thus losing communication between the nerve cells. This leads to slower or no reaction at all and loss of ability to think and make decisions. The disease is characterized by gradual memory loss; decline in ability to perform tasks; impairment in cognitive functioning like impaired judgement, decision-making, abstract and logical thinking; disorientation; changes in mood and behavior; and loss of language skills. Consequences Individual Confusion – due to his loss of memory and inability to recognize things, he may be confused with all the things and people that surround him and this may cause him to be anxious and show challenging behaviours Frustration – because of his difficulty remembering and expressing his thoughts, he might be upset and frustrated with himself Display difficult behaviours – to compensate for his inability to express and communicate effectively, he may display difficult and aggressive behaviours to try and express what he wants Potential for self-injury – his inability to recognize dangerous things may pose harm to him and his constant wandering and not finding his way around can also pose danger to him Isolation – because he have difficulty remembering people, he might isolate himself or the people around him might not connect with him Potential for self-neglect as dementia progresses, he will become slower and more confused and may need constant reminding about his need to eat, to drink, to go to the toilet or have a wash and get dressed. Potential for abuse – when he displays difficult behaviour, his family and carers may get frustrated and irritated which can result to physical or verbal abuse Family Stress Constantly caring for a dementia client everyday can be stressful to the family especially the family member who is assigned to take care of the client. This can be physically and emotionally tiring leading to exhaustion and burnout Frustration when the client shows challenging behaviours, the family may feel frustrated and irritated because they may not know how to handle him Isolation – because they have to constantly look after the client, they may lose relationships and social contacts which can lead to isolation. They may also feel embarrassed with the odd behaviour of the client causing them to isolate themselves. Depression – the condition of the client may cause them sadness and depression, the loss of the person they once knew can result to feelings of loss and grief Financial problem – the family may not be able to constantly look after the client and may hire a carer or put him to a nursing home which can drain their resources Role changes – the family may have to assume the role the client used to have like if he is the head of the family, his spouse or eldest child may have to manage their finances and decision making. Carers Stress – Because dementia clients cannot communicate effectively what they need or want, they may display difficult behaviours to express themselves. The healthcare worker may have difficulty understanding the client which can put them under stress. Exhaustion Constantly working and looking after a dementia client is very physically demanding and this can result to tiredness and exhaustion. Challenging behaviour of the client, wandering around, incontinence and inability to communicate properly can be very stressing to the healthcare worker. Burnout – constant exposure to stress can lead to burn out and they may lose interest in taking care of the client. Potential to abuse client – due to the challenging behaviour of a dementia client, they may also become aggressive and violent, the carers may lose patience which can result to abuse of the client physically or verbally. Impact on the diverse dynamic of the family The family may go through a lot of emotions upon diagnosis of a family member with dementia. The client may be oblivious to what is happening around him due to memory changes and it is the family that will go through the process of loss and grief. The family may grieve over the loss of the person they used to know and love, they may grieve over the loss of relationship, or they may grieve over the loss of the future they have planned together. The difficult and challenging behaviour of the client can put them under so much stress which can lead to exhaustion or burn out. Taking care of the client with dementia everyday can be overwhelming for them and may either strengthen their family or weaken them. Code of Rights Right to be treated with respect A dementia client has the right to be treated with respect whatever behaviour he may display. Even if he cannot express himself, he still has the right to have his own privacy respected. Right to freedom from discrimination, coercion, harassment and exploitation His unusual behaviours make him prone to discrimination and his inability to connect and communicate with people can lead to exploitation and abuse. People should bear in mind that he is a human being and have the right to freedom from discrimination, coercion, harassment and exploitation. Right to dignity and independence Family and carers must ensure that his dignity and independence is upheld. As much as possible promote independence and encourage him to do things for himself to increase his self-esteem and dignity. Right to services of an appropriate standard The family should be made aware of the services that they can avail for the benefit of the dementia client. He should not be denied of services appropriate for him and his family to optimise their quality of life. Right to effective communication Due to inability to express himself, people should try all means to communicate effectively with him so that he may understand information conveyed to him. Right to be fully informed Even if he cannot communicate effectively, the client should still have the right to be fully informed of whatever procedure or services that will be done to him. Right to support The client has the right to be given the support he needed and be supported by carers of his choice. Support needs Dementia clients have varying needs according to the severity of their disease. Some may need constant reminders only due to their memory changes and some may need full assistance because they have forgotten how to do their ADLs. Dementia is a progressive disease and as the client’s condition worsens over time, they may need constant support and care throughout the course of their disease. Dementia not only affects the individual but also his family and carers, this is life-changing for all of them. They may need people who can truly understand what they are going through. There are support groups available for families and carers where they can connect and access services. These groups provide counselling and stress management techniques; provide support system like personal care, domestic care and carer support ; share knowledge and information on how to effectively manage challenging behaviours; provide education and training; provide links to resources available in the community like facilities/institutions who provides respite care, day care services, sitting services and others. These groups are: Alzheimer’s New Zealand Age Concern Residential care Facilities Home Based Services Health and Disability Commissioner Citizens Advice Bureau Work and Income Ministry of Health District Health Boards 3.4 References Alzheimer’s New Zealand (2012). Retrieved from http://www.alzheimers.org.nz/about-dementia/what-is-dementia#sthash.tFkup8ng.dpuf Autism Speaks Inc. (2014). Autism and your family. Retrieved from http://www.autismspeaks.org/what-autism/autism-your-family Careerforce (n.d.) Community support services for people with dementia. Retrieved from http://ilearn.careerforce.org.nz/mod/book/view.php?id=272 Gillberg, C., Hollander, E., Kolevson, A. (2011). Textbook of Autism Spectrum Disorder. Virginia, USA: American Psychiatric Publishing Inc. Rhojoesa BingayenPage 1

Implementation Factor Affecting E-governance in Uttarakhan

Implementation Factor Affecting E-governance in Uttarakhan Jitender Kumar Sehgal, Dr. Priti Dimri, Krishna Nand Rastogi Abstract e-Governance is the utilization of Internet and the world wide web for delivering government Information and services to the citizens and the other organizations. Uttarakhand is one of the leading states in implementation of e-Governance but still there are lot of challenges in effective and efficient implementation at rural level or hilly areas. This paper highlights the factors that are affecting the implementation of e-Governance in Uttarakhand it also includes a survey which takes all the factors into an account and before starting a actual survey a preliminary study conducted in order to evaluate feasibility for this questionnaire was done which confirms its acceptance. Keywords: E- governance, Common Service Centers, M-Government Introduction E-Governance refers to approach â€Å" How government utilized IT, ICT, and other web based telecommunication technologies to improve and enhance the efficiency and effectiveness of service delivery in public sector. Government of Uttarakhand has implemented a number of projects implementation of e-governance. The website of almost every government department has been launched so as to provide as their services online, for this purpose Government of Uttarakhand has launched www.uk.gov.in where we can access a short description of a particular government department and its related website links. The description of 46 departments is available on this website. In addition to large no. of Common Service Center (CSC) are also provided for convenience of rural and hilly areas of citizens . But there are some hurdles due to which hilly area/rural area citizens are not able to access e-Governance services. In this survey an attempt to collect the factors that affect the implementation of e-Governance is done so that the necessary actions can be made for its efficient and effective implementation. Common Service Centers The CSC is a strategic cornerstone of the National e-Governance Plan (NeGP), as part of its commitment in the National Common Minimum Programmed to introduce e-governance on a massive scale. The CSCs would provide high quality and cost-effective video, voice and data content and services, in the areas of e-governance, education, health, telemedicine, entertainment as well as other private services. A highlight of the CSCs is that it will offer web-enabled e-governance services in rural areas, including application forms, certificates, and utility payments such as electricity, telephone and water bills. The Scheme creates a conducive environment for the private sector and NGOs to play an active role in implementation of the CSC Scheme, thereby becoming a partner of the government in the development of rural India. The PPP model of the CSC scheme envisages a 3-tier structure consisting of the CSC operator (called Village Level Entrepreneur or VLE) the Service Centre Agency (SCA), that will be responsible for a division of 500-1000 CSCs and a State Designated Agency (SDA) identified by the State Government responsible for managing the implementation over the entire State. M-Government M-Government, is the extension ofe-Governmentto mobile platforms, as well as the strategic use of government services and applications which are only possible using cellular/mobile telephones, laptop computers, personal digital assistants (PDAs) andwirelessinternet infrastructure. M-Government is now evolving on four dimensions transforming e-Government services directly to the mobile platform, providing access to mobile technologies and application for the field workers of the public sector, enabling smart / flex working and providing citizen services any time, any where. Analysis Factor This survey considers all the factors affecting the services of e-governance at urban and rural or hilly areas. It includes major factors and all those factors are taken as question which can be answered in two different ways (yes or no) according to which we take better services and form government and suggests some specific points to government of Uttarakhand for better implementation of e-governance services. According to the survey the respondents can be classified into two categories are as follows: Rural/ Urban Citizens Hilly areas citizens Category Factors General Questions Do you access internet in your daily life? Do you have internet connection? Is there any CSC in your village ? Do you have electricity in your village? Do you have proper road facility in your village? E-governance Have you heard about e-governance and its services? Do you prefer to use governance services online? Is the access to government links or websites (c.1) Easy? (c.2) Time Saving? (c.3) Accessible from Home? (c.4) Secure and safe? Common Service Centre (CSC’s) (a) Have you ever visited CSC centre? (If Yes, Please attempt the following) (b) Where do you access CSC ? (b.1) In your city or village (b.2) Nearby your city or village (b.3) Is it easy to access that CSC (If No, Please mention the reason/reasons) (b.4) Distance to be travelled in KM (b.5) Is Proper road facility available (b.5) Is the travel expensive? (b.6) Is there any Misguidance by agents (b.7) Is the procedure Complicated ? (b.8) Are all the staff members of CSC centre available at your visiting time? (b.9) Which medium of instructions are used by the staff? (b.9.1) Hindi (b.9.1) Garhwali (b.9.1) English (b.10) Do you think the staff members at the centre are well trained? (b.11) Are the staffs co-operative? (b.12) Do the staffs ask for more money than the prescribed fee? (b.13) Are you satisfied with the cooperation of the CSC staff on duty? (b.14) Is there any delay in submission of forms at the counter? Common Service Centers Facilities (a) Do you know common service centre provides following services? (Check Yes if already known) (a.1) Issue of Birth Certificate (a.2) Issue of Death Certificate (a.3) Issue of Licenses (a.4) Issue of Dependent Certificate (a.5) Issue of Bus Passes (a.6) Issue of Dependent Certificate (a.7) Issue of Unmarried Certificate (a.8) Issue of ID-Card (a.9) Registration of Vehicle related services (a.10) Issue of Affidavits (a.11) Submission of Passport Applications (a.12) Issue of No Objection Certificates (a.13) Services to Pensioners (a.14) Issue of Marriage Certificate (b) Do you know the procedure to get the services from Common Service Centre? (c) Which services have you ever accessed from CSC centre? (c.1) Issue of Birth Certificate (c.2) Issue of Death Certificate (c.3) Issue of Licenses (c.4) Issue of Dependent Certificate (c.5) Issue of Bus Passes (c.6) Issue of Dependent Certificate (c.7) Issue of Unmarried Certificate (c.8) Issue of ID-Card (c.9) Registration with Road Transport Office(RTO) (c.10) Issue of Affidavits (c.11) Submission of Passport Applications (c.12) Issue of No Objection Certificates (c.13) Services to Pensioners (c.14) Issue of Marriage Certificate (c.15) Issue of Bus/ Train Passes. (d) Do you know that you can check the status of your queries at website of CSC centre? (If Yes, attempt the following) (d.1) Are you satisfied with the services provided by CSC’s centre? (d.2) Do you think some other services should be available at CSC centre ? If Yes, Please mention: E-Governance in Hilly Areas (e) According to you, what are the reasons due to them e-Governance is not successful implemented in Hilly Area? (Please tick from the given factors) (e.1) Illiteracy (e.2) Digital Divide (e.3) Improper Infrastructure (e.4) Shortage of funds (e.5) Government policies (e.6) Available at Short Distance (e.7) Not proper road to reach the CSC (e.8) Cost involved to visit a CSC (e.9) Non-existence of kiosks in Villages. Helps in Controlling Corruption (f) CSC is helps in controlling corruption? (If Yes, Please choose from the reasons given below) (f.1) Single window system to apply (f.2) Applying directly to CSC (f.3) Work completed with in a time period (f.4) Government officials are responsible for their assigned work (f.5) No person will have to come face to face Interaction with a government officials Which helps in to reduce corruption. General terms about Uttarakhand (g) General terms about Uttarakhand, are you already familiar? (g.1) Population 10,086,292 (g.1) Literacy rate is about 78.82% (g.2) Rural population is 69.77%. (g.3) Urban population is 30.23%. (g.4) Number of CSC centres at Uttarakhand level is 1641. (g.5)Name of Project Consultant:- Unit A – M/s Nekton IT India Private Ltd. (NIIPL) Unit B – M/s Reliance Communication Ltd Unit C – M/s Reliance Communication Ltd (g.5) Roll out of CSCs as under in – Unit A (Dehradun, Uttarkashi, Rudraprayag and Tehri ) 706 Unit B (Haridwar, Chamoli,Pauri Garhwal, Almora, Bageshwar) 1394 Unit C (Nainital, Pithoragarh, Champawat, Udham Singh Nagar) 704 (g.6) Total cost of implementing a CSCs is about Rs 2.56 crores Role of Uttarakhand Government (h.1) All government services will be put online. (h.2) Common service centres will be opened throughout the state to give single window for all government work. (h.3) State Data Centre would provide many functionalities like Central Repository of the State, Secure Data Storage, Online Delivery of Services, Citizen Information/Services Portal, State Intranet Portal, Disaster Recovery, Remote Management and Service Integration etc. (h.4) The e-District project is developed to improve the efficiency of the various Departments under the district-level to enable seamless service delivery to the citizen . (h.5) Uttarakhand State Wide Area Network (UK-SWAN) UK-SWAN project is almost in the final stage of completion by 13 establishing around 135 POPs in all the Districts, 84 Tehsils and 95 Blocks in the state. (h.6) Many Uttarakhand departments like Forest Department, Police Department, Finance Department, Tourism Department and Cooperative Department etc. are taken up for formulation of MMPs initially. Some projects are as- Gyanotkarsh (low-interest/easily repayable loans to all government employees and teachers for purchase of computers for the home segment), Aarohi (distribution of Computers in schools), Shikhar (Computer education through colleges), Shiksha (Provide training to teachers of government/ non government schools) Conclusion Improvement in the e-Governance services in rural or hilly areas is needed for its overall effective and efficient implementation. This questionnaire also helps to find some factors are considered due to which rural or hilly area people are not able to access e-Governance services and setting the stage for the transformation from e-Government to m-Government. References: Home.nic.in/projects/e-district-uttarakhand www.uk.gov.in Egov.elesonline.com/2013/03/e-governance-in-dev-bhoomi Itda.uk.gov.in/pages/displays/995-csc http://www.census2011.co.in/census/state/uttarakhand.html http://itda.uk.gov.in/pages/display/995-csc http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Wide_Area_ Network https://sites.google.com/site/uttarakhandswan/ Appendix A questionnaire on survey of Implementation Factor That Affect E-Governance In Uttarakhand. Please take few minutes to fill out the questionnaire. 1.Name: 2.Gender: Female: 3.Age: 18-25 25-35 35-45 45-55 55-65 65-70 4:City/Village: 5:State: (b.10) Do you think the staff members at the centre are well trained? (b.11) Are the staff co-operative? (b.12) Do the staff ask for more money than the prescribed fee? (b.13) Are you satisfied with the cooperation of the CSC staff on duty? (b.14) Is there any delay in submission of forms at the counter? Common Service Centre Facilities (a) Do you know that common service centre provides following services? (Check Yes if already known) (a.1) Issue of Birth Certificate (a.2) Issue of Death Certificate (a.3) Issue of Licenses (a.4) Issue of Dependent Certificate (a.5) Issue of Bus Passes (a.6) Issue of Unmarried Certificate (a.7) Issue of ID-Card (a.8) Registration of Vehicle related services (a.9) Issue of Affidavits (a.10) Submission of Passport Applications (a.11) Issue of No Objection Certificates (a.12) Services to Pensioners (a.14) Issuance of Marriage Certificate (b) Do you know the procedure to get the services from Common Service Centre? (c) Which services have you ever accessed from CSC centres? (c.1) Issue of Birth Certificate (c.2) Issue of Death Certificate (c.3) Issue of Character Certificate (c.4) Issue of Licenses (c.5) Issue of Dependent Certificate (c.6) Issue of Bus Passes (c.7) Issue of Dependent Certificate (c.8) Issue of Unmarried Certificate (c.9) Issue of ID-Card (c.10) Registration with Road Transport Office (RTO) (c.11) Issue of Affidavits (c.12) Submission of Passport Applications (c.13) Issue of No Objection Certificates (c.14) Services to Pensioners (c.15) Issue of Bus/ Train Passes (d) Do you know that you can check the status of your queries at website of CSC ? (If Yes, attempt the following) (d.1) Are you satisfied with the services provided by CSC’s ? (d.2) Do you think some other services should be available at CSC ? If Yes, Please mention: E-Governance in Hilly Areas According to you, what are the reasons due to them e-Governance is not successfully implemented in Hilly Area? (Please tick from the given factors) (e.1) Illiteracy (e.2) Digital divide (e.3) Improper infrastructure (e.4) Shortage of funds (e.5) Government policies (e.6) Available at Short distance (e.7) Not proper road to reach the CSC (e.8) Cost involved to visit a CSC (e.9) Non-existence of kiosks in Villages. Helpful in Controlling Corruption (f) CSC is helpful in controlling corruption? (If Yes, Please choose from the reasons given below) (f.1) Single window system to apply (f.2) Applying directly to CSC (f.3) Work completed within a time period (f.4) Government officials are responsible for their assigned work (f.5) No person will have to come face to face with government officials which helps in reducing corruption.

The Controversy at No Gun Ri :: Korean War No Gun Ri Essays

The sensitive subject of whether the 7th Calvary killed innocent men, women, and children at No Gun Ri arose years after the end of the Korean War. Some sources argue that the killings were unprovoked, while others claim that the Communist enemy was mixed within the refugee lines. One source claims the killings numbered over 350 innocent people and others claim it was a mere 35. Although there is a major discrepancy in the number of civilians killed, the fact that innocent men, women, and children were murdered does not disappear. Therefore, whether the casualties were 35 or 350, the United States army engaged in a massacre of innocent Korean refugees. Therefore, the killings at No Gun Ri can not be denied, whether they casualty count is high or low. Some people can not fathom how the United States military could engage in such an action. However â€Å"Experts cite an absence of discipline and experience among the Americans, who had been badly shocked by the North Korean assault,† (Thompson, par. 7) as an explanation of why this could happen. This is not an uncommon theme when speaking of the soldier of the Korean War. Rudy Tomedi cites several examples of people who were never in the infantry being forced to become an infantryman. He uses the example of Bob Roy who states â€Å"Nine months before I’d been in the Military Police. M Company was originally an MP unit. Then one day they came around and said, ‘All right, you’re all in the infantry’† (Tomedi, 3). If this type of assignment was not uncommon during the Korean War, it is highly possible that those at No Gun Ri were just as unprepared to fight as Bob Roy was. If they were unprepared it is also quite possible that the soldiers panicked. General Ridgeway, who rose to be in command of the entire UN forces, claims that the United States’ forces were outnumbered, with low morale, and spread extremely thin. He claims â€Å"Every command post I visited game me the same sense of lost confidence and lack of spirit†¦It was not their doing that had brought them far understrength to this unfortunate country with major shortages in weaponry and insufficient clothing†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Ridgeway, 87). With a military force in such bad shape the possibilities of it acting irrationally is very high.

The Web Unwoven :: Expository History Interenet Essays

Introduction The WWW and the Internet are joined at the hip. The two are not separate—at least today. (Galbreath, 1977).(1) Most graduate students today, especially those of us majoring in Instructional Technology (IT), use the World Wide Web (WWW or Web) and the Internet (Net) for research. However many students do not know exactly how the Web came about nor do they understand its relationship to the Internet. Students, along with the general public, often consider the words Web and Internet interchangeable, meaning one and the same thing, primarily for the reason that Galbreath mentions above—the two seem joined at the hip today. The purpose of this paper is to provide a synopsis of the historical evolution of the Internet, to distinguish between it and the Web, and to present a glimpse of the Internet's future. History J.C.R. Licklider of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) recorded the first conceptual description of computer networked social interactions in August 1962. His Galactic Network concept essentially described, in spirit, the Internet of today. It involved computers interconnected around the globe through which we could quickly access data and programs from any site. He convinced several of his colleagues of the importance of this networking concept. (2) Evidently, computer networking research work at MIT (1961-1967), the RAND Corporation (1962-1965), and at NPL in the UK (1964-1967) all proceeded in parallel without any of the researchers knowing of the other's work. (For a complete timeline of Internet developments visit Hobbes Timeline.) (3) For instance, in July 1961, Leonard Kleinrock at MIT published the first paper on packet switching theory and later in 1964 he published the first book on the subject. Meanwhile, in 1962, The RAND Corporation published Paul Baran's report On Distributed Communications Networks. The report was funded by a US Air Force contract to explore how the US military could protect its communications systems from hostile attack. In this and his subsequent reports, Baran recommended a national public utility to transmit digital data among a large set of subscribers. With his proposed packet switching system, messages are divided into packets, which are separately addressed and separately transmitted. Each packet is passed from node to node on the network. Although each packet may follow different paths, when it ends up in it's proper destination, all the packets are then reassembled into a complete message.

An Adolescent Ailment

Gun Violence: An Adolescent Ailment BY Arod56 On an unseasonably cold March morning in 1993, high school sophomore Edward Gillom exited his first period classroom and made his way through the crowded hallways of Harlem High School. After engaging in a heated argument, allegedly over a girl, with Ronricas â€Å"Pony' Gibson and Ricoh Lee, Gillom pulled out a . 38-caliber gun and opened fire. Gillom's shots fatally wounded Gibson and left Lee with a non-fatal gunshot wound to the neck (Washington Ceasefire, 2011 pg 1).The shooting in Harlem, Georgia sparked national attention as one of the first high school shootings nd added to the alarmingly high rates of gun violence by adolescents during the 1990s. According to the Virginia Youth Violence Project, forty-two homicides took place in American schools in 1993 (2009 pg/par). While the rate of gun violence in American schools has decreased substantially since the early 1990s, the death rate for adolescents due to firearms in the United States is still higher than in any other industrialized nation (Vittes, Sorenson, &ump; Gilbert, 2003 pg/par).The current generation of American teenagers has grown up surrounded by gun violence: in the ews; in their video games; and in the television programs they watch. In the last twenty years, the United States has seen an upsurge of gun related crimes among adolescents; as a result, political leaders and their constituents have become outraged at how accessible the nation's gun laws make firearms to children and the mentally unstable to obtain, especially considering the dramatic decrease of gun control, which will inevitably lead to increased gun crimes involving teenagers and young adults.Thomas Jefferson, the third president of the United States once said, â€Å"No free man shall be debarred the use of arms†. The constitutional right to keep and bear arms stems from the right to self-defense, and in the 2008 Supreme Court case District of Columbia v. Heller, the court ruled that â€Å"the Second Amendment protects a pre-existing individual right to keep and bear arms†¦ ncluding, the individual right to possess and carry weapons in case of confrontation† (National Rifle Association, 2011 par 4). Although the Constitution gives individuals the right to bear arms, it does not exclude â€Å"prohibitions on the possession of firearms by felons and the mentally ill, or laws forbidding the carrying of firearms in sensitive places†¦ or laws imposing onditions and qualifications on the commercial sale of firearms,† (Romano ;ump; Wingert, 2011 par 13).In recent years here has been much discussion among the nation's lawmakers and their constituents as to whether or not the Second Amendment is still constitutional; the question is whether or not the Second Amendment should be revised, to prohibit the sale of firearms to those who do not meet certain conditions and qualifications, or even removed from the constitution. According to a national survey of 1 ,005 high school students, conducted by Vittes, Sorrenson and Gilbert, â€Å"63. percent of high school students believe that regulating he sale of guns does not violate the constitution† (2003, pg 12). In the same survey, 64. 6 percent responded that they would support stricter laws addressing the sale of firearms, and 82. 2 percent of those surveyed, believe that the government should make and enforce laws making it more difficult for criminals to obtain a gun†even if it means law abiding citizens would have a harder time purchasing guns (2003, pg 9).While the probability ot the Second Amendment being removed trom the Constitution is highly unlikely, the regulations that pro-gun control lobbyists have suggested seem incredibly logical. But despite the seemingly widespread support of stricter gun control, the gun control legislation that many Americans would like to see has yet to be passed by congress. According to the Center for Responsive Politi cs, in 2008 the National Rifle Association, the largest anti-gun control agency, spent 2. million dollars lobbying for pro-gun legislation, which is forty one times more than what gun control lobbyist could spend (Romano &ump; Wingert, 2011 par 7). The Gun Control Act of 1968, which is a revision of the National Firearms Act of 1934, established regulations for the selling of firearms and was passed in an effort to educe the amount of illegal firearm sales, to confine the sales of firearms to the buyer's state and to restrict certain people from, buying, selling, or transporting firearms (National Rifle Association, 2011b pg/par).As a result, national law prohibits the sale of firearms to those whom are currently under indictment for a felony, have been convicted of a felony, an illegal alien, a fugitive from the law, has been dishonorably discharged from the military, addicted to illegal narcotics or are non- residents of the state in which they are trying to purchase a gun (Nation al Rifle Association, 2011b pg/par). Despite these laws, lack of enforcement allowed individuals like Seung-Hui Cho and Jared Loughner, the shooters at the 2007 Virginia Tech massacre and the 2011 Tucson, Arizona shooting, to obtain firearms and take the lives of innocent people.The longer these laws go unenforced the longer gun violence crimes will continue to rise. There have been three noticeable periods in history during which the rates of adolescent gun violence peaked dramatically–1972-74, 1980 and 1992-3, with 1992-3 being the most dramatic increase (Wilkinson &ump; Fagan, 2001 pg 110). During the fourteen year timespan etween 1997 and 2011 there have been one-hundred and eighty-seven shootings on public school property in the United States (The Brady Campaign to Prevent Gun Violence, 2010).In their study of adolescents and their exposure to gun violence Wilkinson and Fagan stated that, Although violence has been a recurrent theme for decades among urban delinquency, y outh gun violence has become more prevalent and more concentrated spatially and socially in the past two decades. Starting in 1985, gun violence among teenagers rose sharply in prevalence; it diffused quickly through a generation of teenagers; it sustained a high prevalence and incidence for ver 5 years; and it has declined steadily in the past several years.This patter resembles nothing less than the outbreak of a contagious disease (Wilkinson ;ump; Fagan, 2001 pg 109). Although this study was conducted in 2001, its findings remain true, according to the National Institute of Justice since 2002 the prevalence of adolescent gun violence in America has risen steadily since 2000 (2010, chart 1). This â€Å"outbreak† of violence among youth is most prevalent and abundant in urban communities with high rates of low-income families and gang activity like Chicago, Illinois.In their 2009 report on youth violence in Chicago Roseanna Ander, Phillip Cook, Jens Ludwig and Harold Pollack stated that, â€Å"Over the past 50 years, our society has made far less progress in understanding how to protect our citizens from violence than from all manner of disease.

Favourite Movie Essay

My favourite movie is 3 idiot. 3 Idiots is adapted from a Chetan Bhagat’s novel. It is not just a story of 3 engineering students. The movie also presents the struggles of life that people have to face in their lives. The movie portrays how the human struggle for existence begins with the birth of a child. The child opens his eyes in the world to see the expectations floating in the eyes of his parents who want their children to become Engineer, Doctor, IAS, or some other officer, and glorify their family name. The movie effectively highlights the problem of parents pushing their children to choose what they don’t like and make them forget or ignore their hobbies that could have become a great profession for them. This happens overhere with Farhan who wanted to be a wildlife photographer. He could never do well in engineering but once he took up his hobby as profession he never looked back and established new milestones of success. On the other hand, Raju represents the class of children who under the burden of expectations of their parents start to fear failure. This ultimately kills their confidence and leads to their failure. This fear of failure sometimes forces them to take extreme steps as it happens with Raju who tries to commit suicide. But once he gains back his confidence he starts to taste success in whatever he endeavors. The film also depicts that life at engineering colleges is not fun; they have to deal with some serious problems including struggle to get good grades, ragging and mental pressure that forces a student to commit suicide. So I learnt a lot of things from this movie and the most motivating dialogue of this movie told by Rancho â€Å"Don’t run after success, be capable and success will come running after you† motivated me a lot in my life. Last of all I want to say that individual performances, screenplay, direction, editing to cinematography, especially melodious songs gave a perfection to this movie and made this movie, my favourite movie.