Antwone Fisher essays

Antwone Fisher essays The movie we are going to do our report is on Atwone fisher. This movie is a true story about a guy named Atwone fisher. In this report what I am going to write about is 5 different categories about the movie, which are: Courage, Forgiveness, Relationship, Redemption, and abuse. The First one that I am going to start one is Courage. In this movie Antwone Fisher is a boy that has lots of courage. The reason is because this boy had allot to face as a child. Some are that he never knew his family, he got raped by an older woman. Also he got abused by his guardian allot. This takes allot of courage for a child because at the end he came out a good guy. He did not take any negative things with him that happened to him. And in this part he forgives those that did wrong to him. This is a very thought thing because in this movie he was very abused and was hard to live knowing that he does not know her mom. He had to live without a mom, and live with a person that was very abusive. The relationship that took part in this movie was with his friend. Every time he was in trouble, or had been in trouble, he would run to his friend. An example is when he got raped, he escaped and ran to his friends house and his friend accepted him in and also clothes him with his clothes. Another relationship that he has is with his psychiatrist. He was a very close friend to him because he taught him the way, and because Antwone showed him how to be a better psychiatrist. The Reason is because before the psychiatrist met Antwone he was a very lousy psychiatrist, but Antwone taught him how by telling him that he needed more help. Antwone Fisher redeemed himself fro her guardian and the girl. The both treated him badly. When he left and came back again to find his family, he told the people he didnt want to talk to them. He only wanted to find out information about his parents, and also told them that he never liked them and that he hated them, and...

What Are In-State Colleges Should I Go to One

What Are In-State Colleges Should I Go to One SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips In-state colleges can be great options if you live in a state with a strong university system. But what are the positives and negatives of these schools, and is an in-state school the right choice for you? I’ll go through the pros and cons of attending an in-state college, give you some examples of schools that fit this mold, and help you figure out if you should go. What Are In-State Colleges? For all intents and purposes, the term â€Å"in-state colleges† refers to public universities in your home state.They are colleges that provide specialized aid and tuition breaks to students who live in the state and choose to attend. I will not include private colleges in this category because there is usually no monetary incentive for in-state students to attend. In other words, a student who lives in Massachusetts won't get any tuition breaks if he or she enrolls at Harvard. The Pros and Cons of In-State Colleges There are some pluses and minus to attending in-state colleges that you should take into account before making the decision to apply. I'll list the most significant pros and cons in the next couple of sections. Pros 1. Higher Odds of Acceptance It may be easier to get accepted to an in-state college. In-state students are more likely to actually attend the school after being accepted, and state schools are eager to accept students from the area who may later contribute to the local economy. This trend has become less prominent, however, as schools that face budget cuts are now more incentivized to accept out of state students who will pay a higher tuition price. At UCLA, for example, in-state students now face a lower acceptance rate than out-of-state students (although the UC system overall still accepts California students at a higher rate that out-of-staters). 2. Better Financial Aid and Scholarships Students who choose to attend in-state colleges will have access to special financial aid offers and scholarships.For example, UMASS offers a full tuition scholarship to students who score especially well on the MCAS, the standardized assessment that all Massachusetts public school students must take to be eligible for a high school diploma. 3. Lower Tuition Prices If you attend an in-state school, you will have to pay less in tuition compared to out of state students. This can mean a tuition price that's up to 75% lower than out of state tuition and a total savings of more than $80,000 over the course of four years. However, some university systems do allow students in adjacent states to attend their colleges for close to the same price as in-state students.The University of Minnesota system has agreements with Wisconsin, North Dakota, South Dakota, and Manitoba, Canada that allow for students in those states (and province) to attend while paying similar tuition prices as in-state students. 4. Fewer Extra Expenses You’ll save money on travel expenses. You might even be able to cut out any significant dorm living expenses if you choose to commute and live at home. 5. Government-Funded Research Opportunities Public universities get government funding for research facilities and academic resources, so you will most likely have access to a wide variety of exciting academic opportunities if you’re willing to look for them. Cons 1. Missing Out on the Full College Experience Going to college close to home may lead to less independence and too much reliance on family support.You could beless motivated to make new friends in college because you’ll be able to see your old friends so frequently.In general, you probably won't have access to as many new experiences and places to explore because you’ll already be familiar with the area. 2. Loss of Direction Since state colleges tend to be fairly large, it's easy to get lost in the crowd or find that you don’t have the guidance you need for your academic career. 3. Frustrating Bureaucracy Classes are often difficult to get into, and large class sizes are common, so it may be harder to form relationships with professors or work with them one on one. Major tracks also tend to be more rigid with less room for personalization. Examples of In-State Colleges To give you more of an idea of what in-state colleges are actually like, here are some examples with brief descriptions of their stats and academic offerings. University of California System The University of California state college system is probably the strongest and most competitive in the nation.These universities offer cutting edge research opportunities, and admissions standards can be very high: the acceptance rate at UC Berkeley is an intimidating 18%.There are 220,000 students in the entire UC system, with an average of around 20,000 undergraduates at each of the nine undergraduate campuses listed below. In-state students in the top 4% of their high school class who meet regular admissions standards are guaranteed admission to the UC system (but not a particular campus).Budget problems have made these school relatively pricey even for in-state students, so be warned. UC Berkeley estimates the total cost for one year of attendance for in-state students living in a residence hall at $32,646. Undergraduate campuses in the UC system include: UCLAUC San DiegoUC IrvineUC BerkeleyUC Santa BarbaraUC DavisUC RiversideUC Santa CruzUC Merced The Price Student Center at UC San Diego - this place looks like some kind of luxury resort State University of New York or SUNY System The SUNY system is the largest university system in the world, serving almost 440,000 students total.It also remains among the most affordable of public university systems.You can apply directly to the campus you’re interested in, or 46 of the colleges in the SUNY system (there are 64 total!) use a common form application that allows you to apply to as many as four at once. The university centers in the SUNY system are very competitive and offer many resources to students.Each is known for different program strengths; Binghamton in particular is strong in undergraduate arts and sciences while Stony Brook is known for its hard science programs. The most prominent SUNY schools include: SUNY - University at AlbanySUNY - Binghamton UniversitySUNY - University at BuffaloSUNY - College at GeneseoSUNY - Purchase CollegeSUNY - Stony Brook University The SUNY Binghamton campus with an abundance of fall foliage Texas University System Texas has some really great state universities that offer a wide variety of programs and opportunities to students.UT Austin is probably the most famous of the schools in the UT system with an enormous library, top-rated academics in everything from architecture to biology, and an excellent liberal arts honors program.UT Dallas attracts more science and technology oriented students and has a bit of a nerdier feel.Texas AM is known for its school spirit and engineering programs - it also has the largest university campus in the country.The vast majority of students at these universities hail from Texas originally. These schools include: University of Texas at AustinUniversity of Texas at DallasTexas AM UniversityTexas Tech University A cool fountain where students hang out on the UT Austin campus Should You Go to an In-State College? Now that you know more about the benefits and drawbacks of in-state colleges, you’ll need to do some self-reflection so you can decide whether an in-state school is right for you. The first thing you should consider is cost. This is often the biggest difference between in-state and out-of-state colleges.At the University of Florida, for example, undergraduate tuition and fees for in-state students are $6,130 for a year, but tuition and fees for out-of-state students are $28,278.This can make a huge difference in your level of college debt and may even make it so you can just pay for college out of pocket. If you’re really worried about how you'll pay for school, in-state colleges are a great option.However, try not to make a decision solely based on cost if you believe the school isn’t a good fit for you.Many out-of-state and/or private schools offer significant financial aid if you have a demonstrated need. The next thing you need to think about is whether or not you want to go to college close to home.If you have trouble adapting to change, an in-state school may be better for you to reduce anxiety in the transition to college.Think about other times that you’ve had to move or switch schools. Did you deal well with it, or was it really tough?These experiences will give you clues as to whether you’re ready to travel far away for college. You may also want to stay close to home so you can help out your parents or maintain a relationship with the community in your hometown. There might be special support resources that are accessible to you close to home but aren't as readily available in other areas. Consider the needs that you and your family have to decide whether it's a smart idea to stay close by. If you want to start over in a new place and get some distance from your parents, an out-of-state school may suit you better.College is a great way to gain access to new and diverse experiences and people.If you have an extroverted personality and want to be able to explore beyond your familiar surroundings, going to college in a different part of the country could be a really great opportunity for you.You’ll be able to meet new friends and start formulating your identity apart from your time in high school. You should also think about your academic goals and figure out what resources your in-state school offers to undergraduate students.You may be interested in a certain field or program that isn’t particularly prominent at your state school.If you’re considering doing academic research in college, you should make sure you will have access to the proper facilities and to professors who are experts in the field. #squadgoals? Following Up To make a final choice on whether you should go to an in-state college, you’ll need to do more research on the public schools in your home state.Some questions you should think about include: What’s the social scene like? Is the food good? What kind of housing is there? How large and diverse is the student population? What are athletics like? What majors are offered? To get started in your research, take a look at the college search sites I recommend in this article.Try signing up for a profile on Cappex and searching for in-state schools.You’ll find a wealth of information on various aspects of campus life that incorporates student reviews and feedback.You’ll also find hard data on tuition, enrollment, admissions, and other statistics.This should help you get a clearer idea of whether an in-state school will fit your needs. In-state colleges provide excellent opportunities for students who are looking to spend less on tuition and still get a great education.If you’re worried about the costs of college and think you’ll be happier living close to home, you should seriously think about attending an in-state school.Just make sure to fully evaluate all the concerns you have about college and how they relate to the conditions at your state school before committing. What's Next? Want to learn more about the real costs of attending college? Check out this article on how much you can expect to pay for higher education. Can't decide whether you should go to a big or a small college? Take a look at my article to learn more aboutwhich type of school will be better for your needs. If you're still not sure how to begin your college search, read my guide on how to choose the best college for you. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points?We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

Literature review on drug ddiction in davao city, philippines and the Research Paper

Literature review on drug ddiction in davao city, philippines and the importance of psychological educational rehab centers for the youth - Research Paper Example Thus, the very presence of rehab center for the youth in the city would remarkably prove this important claim. Drug addiction in Davao City is a major concern as well as its total elimination or if not alleviation. This is due to strong political power that the City government substantially possessed over its people. The people remarkably supported the City Mayor’s vision on eradicating drug addiction in the city to make it free from crimes. In fact, Barangays are active in their participation on the lecture about the ill-effects of misusing drugs (City Government of Davao, 2012). In other words, the entire Davao City is in perfect harmony and unity with the goal of the government to build a City that is free from ill effects of drug addiction. Thus, it has just become a norm in the City to hear somebody shoot to dead especially when the victim would be a law breaker or offender and drug user. It in this reason that different institutions in the country have remarkable opinion the prevailing justice system in the country if indeed it is able to adjust the justice needs of the rural poor (Franco, 2008). This is due to the fact that those primarily victims in the shoot out are poor young individuals but with remarkable inclusion in drug addiction and other related crimes. However, the City government does not want to end up every law breaker being shot to dead at the street especially the youngsters. Thus, rehab center for the youth is present in Davao City having the government’s active and full moral support. Young people who are confined in rehab centers in Davao City are those with significant backgrounds in committing crimes and other law-breaking activities including but not limited to juvenile and statutory rape, robbery, riots, murder and drug abuse. Within this rehabilitation center young people are provided with care primarily on psychological concerns and educational activities and needs. In the Philippines, particularly in Davao City,

Describe what means leadership to you Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Describe what means leadership to you - Essay Example However, leadership is also teachable in life through various leadership expositions. These expositions perfect and instill leadership skills to interested parties. In addition, the young can also learn from their leaders how to lead. In most cases, we have seen children take after their fathers who were leaders in the society. Since leadership demands a lot of respect and many benefits, many people seek to become leaders. This leads to the aspect of competition in leadership where the society chooses its preferred leader among the willing many. Leaders have immense powers and authority rests with them. As such, they make important and binding decisions on behalf of the society. Leadership is present in almost all places. We have religious leaders, political leaders, Sports leaders, student leaders, administrators who are organizational leaders among other leaders. However, the political leaders who include Presidents and religious leaders who include Popes and Bishops are the most popular leaders. Any position of leadership follows a certain code of ethics that is different from one leadership setup to another. Leaders should therefore follow this code in offering leadership. However, in many cases we have seen leaders negating the code of ethics hence attracting disciplinary action from higher authorities like courts of law. Good leadership involves abiding by the law, intelligence, and humane

Beethoven Pastoral Symphony Essay Example for Free

Beethoven Pastoral Symphony Essay Beethoven was one of the pivotal composers that helped music evolve from the Classical period into the age of Romanticism. When discussing Beethoven’s success in classical compositions, his symphonies are at the forefront of most if not every conversation. However, even within the topic of his symphonies, some are naturally highlighted more than others. For example, one could reproduce the melody from either the opening movement of the Fifth or the finale of the Ninth and a majority of people would be able to recognize them. While these two works were revolutionary in the progression of symphonic music, they were not the only ones to have played important roles in this sense. Beethoven’s Pastoral Symphony is a pivotal work in the expansion of music with programmatic characteristics. However, this symphony is one that sways between the realms of absolute and program music, for it can be identified with both categories of symphonic music. While it is highly unlikely that Beethoven viewed this composition as a truly programmatic piece, the Sixth Symphony has played an important role in the development of the symphony as a genre and influenced future composers of program music as well. In order to discuss the significance of the Pastoral Symphony, one must first shed light on the difference of program music from that of absolute music. Author R. W. S. Mendl describes absolute music as being â€Å"that which gives us pleasure by the sheer delight in sound patterns without having any emotional, pictorial, or literary references† and claims that music with programmatic content â€Å"attempt[s] to represent scenes, objects, or events which exist apart from music.† It is hard to gauge the amount of programmatic works prior to the Pastoral Symphony, simply due to the fact that the term â€Å"program music† was not used as a defining category of music at the time of their release. An estimated eighth of all symphonic works that were presented before Beethoven’s Sixth Symphony were composed with the intent of conveying particular images or scenes. It would seem that with such a small percentage of varying works that were composed to contain prog rammatic ideas, labeling these works with a universal genre proved to be somewhat difficult. With the expansion of this style of writing, naturally the encompassing term â€Å"program music† would become associated with such pieces. Around the time of Beethoven’s composing, music was undergoing a shift from the Classical period into an age of Romanticism. Compositions were expanding in numerous ways regarding form, orchestration, and harmonies that were being implemented. Beethoven has been called â€Å"the innovator who broke through the limitations of Classicism without abandoning them.† This is truly evident through his symphonic writing. While on the cusp of the Romantic era, it became evident to him that the stature of absolute music was on the rise. Lewis Lockwood states that from a compositional aspect, Beethoven looked down upon ‘program music’ for its seemingly shallow representation of actual sounds and lack of originality. In response to this rising style of music, he composed the Pastoral Symphony with the intent of merging illus trative ideas of programmatic music with the structure of absolute music. Beethoven successfully achieved a blend of programmatic and absolute ideas with this symphony, in order to create an overall pastoral feeling of nature rather than depict any specific image. While the symphony and its five movements are labeled with titles that were created by Beethoven himself, he believed that the overall pastoral idea of this work could be perceived by the audience without a description that would usually be necessary with a complete program piece. It is this idea that helped Beethoven create the title as it can be viewed on early sketches, â€Å"Pastoral Symphony or Memories of Country Life: More the Expression of Feeling than Tone-Painting.† It would appear that Beethoven intended to create a general mood that expresses the idea of nature rather than rely on specific images or one precise story to achieve this. Despite Beethoven’s general feelings towards program music and his conscious efforts to claim that the Sixth Symphony was more a collection of overall feelings rather than an attempt at creating one specific image, this piece is neither absolute or programmatic music but a blend of the two styles. The first point in this argument would be the fact that Beethoven attached titles to each of the five movements within this symphony that depict certain scenes associated with pastoral ideas. The headings for the movements are as follow: ‘Pleasant feelings which are awakened in mankind on arrival in the country’, ‘Scene by the brook’, ‘Joyful fellowship of country folk’, ‘Thunder and Storm’, and ‘Beneficent feeling after the storm joined with thanks to the deity’. The mere fact that this symphony is the only one of his nine to contain subtitles attached to each movement that describe a scene of nature favors the thought of the symphony being more programmatic than absolute. However, if one were to look past the movement headings and take into consideration the content of the music, one would observe that the first two movements contain very little defined imagery. From an analytical perspective of the form, the first ha lf of the symphony is rather conventional and resembles the absolute approach to music. These movements hold true to the subheading for the symphony in regards to creating overall feelings rather than one precise painting or story. While there are compositional devices used to help convey the pastoral feeling within the first half of the symphony, it is not until the end of the second movement that Beethoven truly utilizes extra musical associations to convey imagery. This andante movement entitled ‘Scene by the brook’ ends with the flute, oboe, and clarinet engaged in a coda while imitating birdcalls. The composer himself labeled these three woodwind voices as a nightingale, a quail, and a cuckoo, respectively. These birdcalls have led to several debates, discussions, and even complete articles that attempt to analyze the true meaning of their existence in the piece. No matter how they are interpreted, one fact remains still. The birdcalls act as segues from the symphonic first half to the more programmatic portion of the piece. The second half of the Sixth Symphony ventures away from conventional symphonic composing techniques found in the first two movements and includes more programmatic material. A strong indication of programmatic material resides within the later half of the symphony, where Beethoven includes several pastoral elements to enhance the musical imagery. The third movement consists of excited melodies in a compound-meter stylized scherzo representing country-dances. There are several points within this movement that have a drone in the bass that has been viewed as a depiction of bagpipes, an instrument that was frequently associated with the representation of pastoral ideas. This jovial dance-like movement transitions into the fourth movement, which resembles a storm. The storm is â€Å"clearly an example of tone-painting† with its explosive minor chords that represent thunder and lightning and the constant patter of rain in the strings’ lines. Another significant feature added to the symphony that aids the pastoral image is the use of a ranz des vaches in the final movement. The ranz des vaches was an alpine horn call that herdsmen used to summon cattle. Author, David Wyn Jones notes in his book that â€Å"common features of ranz des vaches melodies are: triadic motion, dotted 6/8 meter†¦frequent use of grace notes, all harmonized mainly by the tonic triad.† While looking at the horn call that Beethoven uses within his symphony, one would notice that it meets all of the criteria that Jones listed. The imagery associated with the Pastoral Symphony depicts scenes from nature, which was a subject close to Beethoven’s heart. Through journal entries and letters, one can deduce Beethoven’s love for nature. The following is a letter to Austrian musician and friend, Therese Malfatti in 1810 that depicts his feelings about the outdoors: How fortunate you are to have been able to go to the country so early in the year! Not before the 8th shall I be able to enjoy this delight: I look forward to it with childish anticipation. How glad I shall be to wander about amidst shrubs, forests, trees, herbs and rocks! No man can love the country as I do. For it is forests, trees and rocks that provide men with the resonance they desire. Through this letter and several other firsthand records, one can clearly see Beethoven’s infatuation for the outdoors and the justifiable reason to compose a piece that commemorates this love. It makes sense that the first large-scale work that includes extensive amounts of imagery would reflect the thing that he admired most. Along with the simple beauty of nature, there were other factors that influenced Beethoven while writing his Sixth Symphony. The inclusion of nature and rustic ideas within music was not uncommon to composers prior to Beethoven. Pastoral subjects could be found in several theatrical presentations, operas, and intermezzo from the sixteenth through the eighteenth centuries. One notable work that inspired the development of the Pastoral Symphony was an oratorio written by Franz Joseph Haydn, his teacher and mentor early on in his composing career. Haydn’s oratorio, The Seasons, had an impact on Beethoven while he wrote his Sixth Symphony. Haydn incorporates arpeggiated horn calls in the aria â€Å"Der muntre Hirt† that begin â€Å"a sequence of summer scenes that will [eventually lead] to the storm† later in the oratorio. Similarly, Beethoven opens the fifth and final movement of his symphony with an arpeggiated melody in the French horns that subsequently signify the end of the storm that took place in the previous movement. Another example of musical quotation that Beethoven purposely incorporated is an oboe melody that â€Å"has long been understood as a quotation from Bach’s chorale ‘Birch an, o Schà ¶nes Morgenlicht,’ from the second part of the Christmas Oratorio†¦Ã¢â‚¬  It is worth mentioning that prior to Beethoven’s Pastoral Symphony, there had been other symphonic works to contain sections that resemble thunderstorms. Several commentaries on the Pastoral and its development discuss the 18th century German composer, Justin Heinrich Knecht and his piece entitled La Portrait musical de la nature. This work seems to contain similar programmatic ideas as that of Beethoven’s symphony, including a thunderstorm that interrupts the overall peaceful feeling of nature that resumes after the storm. In addition to preceding compositions that influenced Beethoven’s writings, there has been the suggestion for the possible influence from the literary writings of Scottish poet James Thomson, mostly that of his well known poems collectively titled â€Å"The Seasons†. While there is no concrete evidence that Beethoven took inspiration from this poem, some scholars feel that the poem possibly had an underlying effect on the outcome of the Pastoral Symphony. The text of the poem discusses nature, progressing through the four seasons starting with spring and ending with winter. The poem was translated to German in 1745 and served as a basis for Haydn’s oratorio that shares the same name. As discussed earlier, Beethoven drew inspiration from Haydn’s oratorio, so it would seem that he was indirectly influenced from the poetry of James Thomson for this reason even if he had no connection to the actual literature itself. So far there have been factors that support both sides of the argument in trying to define the Pastoral Symphony as either a work of absolute music, or one depicting tone painting. The mere fact that the piece contains an appropriate amount of material that justifies both categories, one should agree that this work could be viewed as the perfect synthesis of the two sides of the symphonic spectrum. The next step in understanding the influence that the Pastoral Symphony had on future composers of both absolute and programmatic works would naturally be to look at the general reception of the premiere of this piece. The Sixth Symphony received its first public performance on December 22nd, 1808 along with Beethoven’s Fifth Symphony. Beethoven worked on these two symphonies simultaneously in the years leading up to this concert. At this time however, the symphonies were labeled opposite of what they are viewed as today, which means that the Pastoral was written and performed as Beethoven’s fifth symphony, while the C-minor was viewed as his sixth. Over the course of time it would seem as though the Fifth Symphony has overpowered the Pastoral in the minds of audience members. While this may be true to some extent today, at the time, critics were singing praises to this wonderful portrayal of nature through melody and harmony. A review of the score in the musical journal of the time, Allgemeine musikalishce Zeitung, was typical in saying such things as â€Å"this work of Beethoven, wonderful, original, and full of life, which can be placed without hesitation besides his other masterworks†¦Ã¢â‚¬  When comparing it to other compositions that focused on imagery of programmatic material, one critic claimed that â€Å"none of the musical paintings known until now can withstand comparison†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Overall, the piece was welcomed positively and viewed as a representation for composers who desired to use programmatic features. Some of the compositional styles that would soon develop through the Romantic period can trace influence from Beethoven’s Sixth Symphony. When discussing compositions that drew inspiration from the Pastoral Symphony, one should mention Hector Berlioz’s programmatic work, Symphonie Fantastique. As a composer, Berlioz was an advocate for music with more programmatic tendencies and was viewed as a radical composer during his time. At one point in his career, Berlioz wrote critical reviews of Beethoven’s nine symphonies. When discussing the Sixth, he used descriptions such as, â€Å"delightful phrases [that] greet you, like the perfumed morning breeze† as well as â€Å"swarms of chattering birds in flight†¦Ã¢â‚¬  With such joyous descriptions that Berlioz gave, it comes as no surprise that he would find inspiration from this piece for his own writing. Author, Owen Jander views the second movement in Beethoven’s symphony entitled â€Å"Scene by t he Brook† as an obvious â€Å"point of departure for the ‘Scene in the Meadows’ in Berlioz’s Symphonie Fantastique†. As mentioned earlier, Beethoven’s second movement has been the topic of several discussions concerning the Sixth Symphony, specifically, the imitation of birdcalls that can be found at the close of the movement. Jander believes the calls to symbolize Beethoven’s acceptance of his growing deafness and his own fate. If one is to agree with this interpretation, then the connection to Berlioz’s Symphonie Fantastique becomes one that is easy to accept. Berlioz’s third movement, entitled â€Å"Scene in the Meadows† opens with the English horn and the oboe representing two shepherds that are calling to one another. At the end of the movement, one of the â€Å"shepherds† return once more but is not joined by the other, but is instead replaced by the distant roll of thunder heard in the timpani. Those familiar with the piece and its program know that the concluding two movements that follow represent a personal hell and damnation for the protagonist. The connection between both that of Beethoven’s and Berlioz’s works would be the idea that both composers are aware of their own fate and accept it through the illustration of music. Another composer that was potentially influenced by the Pastoral Symphony was that of the German opera composer, Richard Wagner. As just discussed, it would seem that the second movement of Beethoven’s work is to represent the â€Å"realization of one’s destiny through nature†. In Wagner’s opera, Siegfried, there are scenes within the second act that take place in the forest. In which, the main character, Siegfried learns of his destiny from the ability to understand a forest bird. This situation is the exact opposite from that of Beethoven’s, where the composer realizes his destiny through the discovery that he can no longer hear. Two compositions that were separated by nearly one hundred years, both contain similar imagery that represents a person’s realization and acceptance of their destiny through nature. The chances of this being a coincidence seem rather unlikely. To say that that Beethoven’s Pastoral inspired Wagner’s us e of nature within this opera would be a fair conclusion. When discussing Beethoven, the Sixth Symphony may not be a piece that comes to mind right away; one might rather recall themes from other symphonies by him. However, the importance of this piece in the evolution of the symphony as a genre is too important to go overlooked. The mere fact that out of the nine symphonies that Beethoven wrote, the Sixth was the only one to receive a programmatic title and descriptive scenes attached to the movements is an indication at the significance of this work. It may not have directly influenced several composers in the years that followed as far as content is concerned, but Beethoven’s ability to combine aspects of program music with the absoluteness of a symphony opened the door to possibilities for future composers on both sides of the spectrum.

Pygmalion by George Bernard Shaw Essay -- Pygmalion George Bernard Sha

Pygmalion by George Bernard Shaw George Bernard Shaw's father, George Carr Shaw, was an alcoholic which meant not much money was spent on Shaw's education, therefore he was mainly self-taught, since he was self-taught he never had ideas forced upon him, this caused him to turn into a strong minded individual who expressed his opinions. He was a socialist and a critic who believed strongly in equality. Shaw wrote many plays, which expressed his opinions, one of the most famous being Pygmalion. Shaw uses Pygmalion to show the superficial basis of the class system. Pygmalion is set in London, in the early 1900's when the distinction between classes was more defined. I believe Shaw choose to set the play in London because it has the widest range of classes and would make it easier for him to show how false the class system really is. There is the queen who is considered to be of the highest class and people living on the streets who are considered to be of the lowest class. Shaw uses Pygmalion to show how false the class system is and how it is based on superficial ideas. Shaw shows that people can't be put into categorise when he makes the characters exceed the boundaries of the groups they have placed in. One of the characters to do this is Eliza, who exceeds the boundaries of lower class. " I'm a good girl I am." She shows that she is well mannered, and has more morals than Higgins. She also shows herself to have a lot of pride and self-respect. Through Higgins and Pickering's perceptions of Eliza, we are shown that the class system is all in the mind of the beholder and how it is perceived differently in each person. Higgins sees Eliza as lower class; "I treat a duchess as if she were a flowe... ...Shaw shows how people are judged when we first meet Doolittle. "He'll make bad use of it I'm afraid!" because of his poverty-stricken appearance, Pickering assumes that Doolittle will waste the money. Shaw also uses Doolittle to show that happiness can't be bought with money, when we first meet Doolittle he is happy but when he comes into money he doesn't like his new lifestyle and isn't happy with his new found finances. Shaw successfully criticises the British class system through Pygmalion. He shows how people can't be fitted into categorise as he makes many of the characters exceed the boundaries that they have been confined within. Through Pygmalion he picks up on the class system's many flaws and how easily it can be proved wrong. Pygmalion is successful in getting the message across about the class system and how it is based on superficial ideas.

Anthro Assignment

Anthropology 100Dr. Judkins Fall 2012 Writing Assignment by Christina O’Shea In the early twentieth century, Arnold van Gennep, a French ethnographer, wrote â€Å"The Rites of Passage† in which he describes the process of changing social states of being. This one theory has certainly made a deep impact on anthropological thought due to the fact that it can be applied to a number of situations, both past and present, in which transitions are made. It can also be used as an educational tool for people to use so that they can have a better understanding of the practices of many different cultures.In fact, many examples of the theory of Gennep can be found in ethnographic autobiographies, such as â€Å"Sun Chief: The Autobiography of a Hopi† by Don C. Talayesva. â€Å"Sun Chief: The Autobiography of a Hopi† is the story of Don C. Talayesva, a man raised as a Hopi Indian and then trained as a white man. Written from his point of view, the autobiography allows t he reader to have a better understanding of Hopi culture as Don shares the story of his life. At one point in the work, Don mentions a particular moment in his life when he decided to join his father on a salt expedition to Little Grand Canyon.I can honestly say that when I first read of the salt expedition of Don, I did not really think much of it. I believed that the reason that this event was even mentioned was to describe to the reader the method that the Hopi Indians used to acquire salt. However, after learning the rights of passage theory of Arnold van Gennep, I began to realize that this journey became more to do with initiation rather than nutrition. In â€Å"The Rites of Passage†, Van Gennep explains that a rite of passage has three phases that are handled through ritual and a symbolic code by which we understand meaning.The first phase is called the â€Å"separation† phase in which you remove yourself from a former social status. In â€Å"Sun Chief†, one example of how Don used this phase while on the expedition was before the journey even began. Don states that on the morning of the expedition, â€Å"the War Chief sprinkled a corn-meal path, placed a feather upon it with the breath line pointing westward†¦each of us stepped on the â€Å"road-marker,† and the expedition was under way†. Throughout the journey, Don describes the ultiple customs of must perform while on the salt expedition in which he and his traveling companions pay respect to the ancestors and the gods which allowing Don to grow more spiritually, thereby preparing him for his transition. Following in the tradition of his ancestors, Don carves his clan emblem on a rock in order to pay respect to Hopi salt gatherers from years passed. At the shrine of the Salt Woman, Don also has intercourse with the shrine as a prayer for health and an increase in offspring. Since it was his first expedition, Don had to strip completely naked beforehand.While re ading of the various tasks that Don had to complete on his journey, I realized that the amount of commitment that Don had to these preparations reminded me of how I felt as I was preparing to receive the sacrament of Confirmation. By deciding to be a candidate for Confirmation, I, like Don, chose to follow in the footsteps of my parents and grow more spiritually. In order to be â€Å"confirmed†, I had to complete various activities to prove that I should become an adult member of the Catholic Church.The second phase of passage is called the â€Å"liminality† or â€Å"transition† phase is essentially the middle point where the actual transformation takes place. When Don arrives at the kiva â€Å"and the hole through which mankind emerged†, since this was his first salt expedition, he is given the task by the War Chief to reach down into an empty cavity, where the kiva was connected, while holding a prayer feather sprinkled with corn meal in his hand. In ex change for the feather, the spirits, traditionally, will give to Don the coveted yellow clay that, Don states, â€Å"is always used for paho making†.Without fear Don reached down, while being held securely by his father and the War Chief, into the hole and, while letting go of each feather, drew handfuls of clay. During this, Don states â€Å"I could feel the presence of spirits below, who accepted the feather and gave me clay†. After depositing the feathers and praying, Don and his companions proceeded to a small fountain, high atop which was a cupped top overflowing with salt that they proceeded to gather for themselves and for the Salt Woman. While reading of the spiritual connection that Don experienced, I remembered that which I received during my Confirmation ceremony.I had spent months preparing for this moment and now, at long last, there I was, wearing my red robe sitting in the pew in front of the church, waiting for my name to be called. Finally, when I was called by the bishop to come to him in front of the alter, I, like Don, showed no fear as I rose out of the pew and walked down the aisle of the church with my back to the congregation. After being called by the name of the saint that I chose to honor, I received a blessing from the bishop and was proclaimed a confirmed member of the Catholic Church.The third and final phase of passage is called the â€Å"re-aggregation† phase in which one re-enters society with their new status. In â€Å"Sun Chief†, when all of the needed salt is gathered, it is determined that the expedition is now over and Don and the others begin the journey home. As they pass the various shrines Don notices that his offerings had been viewed favorably by the spirits. Eventually, after distributing a large amount of salt to the Salt Woman, they reached Moenkopi and, after turning the â€Å"road-marker†, which they used in the beginning of their journey, eastward, they soon made their way bac k home to Oriabi.Don is asked by his father what he thought of the salt expedition. Don replies that it was â€Å"pretty tough† and he believes that the salt that they have gathered will not last them a year. His father replies that this is the way that most young men think now. After finishing Don’s account of the salt expedition, I could not help but sympathize with Don. After all of the steps that Don had to preform, Don probably thought that he would receive a larger amount of salt than he actually got.As I was preparing to receive Confirmation, there were times where I would be sacrificing time, which, at the time, I felt was more important and so, I began to wonder if all of these preparations were even worth going through. However, I soon realized that spiritual growth is not something that is just given to you; it is something that is earned. Therefore, the journey to that growth needed to be tough for it showed how much you wanted it. Throughout the process, I kept reminding myself that it would all be worth it and, in the end, it was.After being confirmed into the Catholic Church, I instantly felt the feeling of satisfaction and accomplishment. I was now officially an adult member of the Catholic Church. I also felt that through this sacrament, I had grown more spiritually and that my relationship with God had grown stronger. In Don’s case, without question, he showed no fear as he performed each of the tasks and, though he did not think so at the time, all of the preparation was truly worth it. While on the expedition, Don paid tribute to both the spirits and the ancestors allowing him to grow more spiritually.Since Don participated in the expedition, his elders no longer consider Don a novice for he has now gained experience necessary to assist him in the future. By going on this salt journey, Don has shown his respect for his culture and how he honors the traditions and customs of his heritage. By using van Gennep’s rit es of passage theory, the overall structure and true meaning of Don’s salt expedition has certainly become clearer. Using this information, I have also found that van Gennep’s theory cannot only be applied to the salt expedition, but to other life events of Don as well.Other instances in â€Å"Sun Chief† where van Gennep’s rites of passage theory can be applied are when Don was born, when he became married to Irene and when he was initiated into the Wowochim society. By showing me how Don’s journey of spiritual growth resembled my own, I can now say that van Gennep’s, surprisingly universal, theory has allowed me to have a better understanding of Don’s culture. Works Cited 1. Talayesva, D. (1942). Sun chief: The autobiography of a hopi. (p. 232-246). London, England: Yale University Press.

Reasearch Paper-Barriers Among Homeless Youth

Barriers Among Homeless Youth In Health Care Sebastian Henao Conestoga College Homelessness amongst youth is common in nearly every part of the world, including the region of Waterloo. Given these circumstances many young adults have barriers that they must overcome in a daily basis in order to stay alive. Some of these barriers include substance abuse, sexual intercourse and poor access to health care. All of these barriers can potentially harm a young person’s life.So how can nurses help the homeless youth from overcoming these barriers? A review form â€Å"Health-Seeking Challenges Among Homeless Youth† suggests that information on healthcare services and assistance to homeless youth, is key for their wellbeing. According to the National Alliance to End Homelessness, 2009, 10 to 20 youth in Waterloo Region are experiencing persistent homelessness and at least 75 are at-risk. These youth are more likely to engage in risky behaviour due to barriers they experience ever y day.Even though the research of, â€Å"Health-Seeking Challenges Among Homeless Youth† was done in the United States, as nurses, we can still incorporate their message into our practice, the research was done to determine what were the biggest barriers homeless youth encountered in healthcare services. Do to this research nurses can plan ways to ensure the wellness of homeless youth and ensure these barriers don’t take place. As nurses we are taught that our patients deserve the best care possible, disregarding age or social status. Rather than provide resources for homeless youth, youth frequently were confronted with unforgettable comments that were full of judgment. † (Hudson et al. ,2010) It is important that as nurses we are open and not make judgements in order to provide the best client care possible, this is seen as a barrier to homeless youth that feel like whenever they go to a clinic they are being discriminated. The different barriers that homeless youth encounter on a daily basis are not the same barriers that other patients may encounter.Therefore, the health teaching used for homeless youth should be different than that of the average patient. â€Å"Health-seeking Challenges among Homeless Youth† research report has shown the different barriers the youth face and as nurses, we must be flexible with providing them with the appropriate health teaching to ensure their wellness. Mental health, sexual orientation and substance abuse help are just a few of the health teaching the youth need â€Å"As a result, young adults called out for more outreach, particularly for mental health treatment† (Hudson et al. , 2010).Being able to identify and give effective help to patients suffering from mental health, can lead to a better health and recovery. In order to reach out to the younger homeless population, all the related interproffessional teams should discuss what the best solution is to pass on the information to the y outh. One way that the use could access the information is through programs or classes that can be held in shelters, these classes can be held to provide information regarding substance abuse, sexual intercourse and mental health; how to reach help and if necessary could provide with other resources.Some other ways the information can be passed on the youth could be to hold clinics through the city, this can give a chance for the homeless to come get information and be able to get any help they need. According to Throughout the Waterloo region there are a number of programs to help out homeless people, however, these programs should incorporate information on how the health care services can help them.If we all work together and provide the necessary information, the barriers that homeless youth experience in healthcare can be eliminated. References First Call Bc (2012). Resources on the Mental Health of Homeless youth in Canada. Retrieved September 20, 2012 from http://firstcallbc. wordpress. com/2012/05/30/resources-on-the-mental-health-of-homeless-youth-in-canada/ Hudson, A. , Nyamthi, A. , Greengold, B. , Slagle, A. , Koniak-Griffin, D. , Khalilifard, F. , & Getzoff, D. (2010).Health seeking challenges among homeless youth. Nursing Research, 59(3), 212-218. National Alliance to End Homelessness (2009). New Funding for Homeless Youth Services and Housing – Guide to Community Planners and Youth Advocates. Retrieved September 20, 2012, from www. endhomelessness. org/section/policy/focusareas/youth. Region of Waterloo (2010). Social planning, policy and program administration. Retrieved September 22, 2012, from http://www. regionofwaterloo. ca/en/regionalGovernment/resources/SA2010-0406. pd

Corporate Strategy The Body Shop Essay Example

Corporate Strategy The Body Shop Essay Example Corporate Strategy The Body Shop Paper Corporate Strategy The Body Shop Paper The Body Shop (TBS) is an interesting and innovative international organisation. Their focus on core beliefs, press/advertising, management, supplier networks, training and treatment of staff are perhaps best practice. In this paper we will review the external environment, the financials of the business, conduct SWOT analysis and analyse its competitive stance from the Porter Five Forces Model. Our recommendations focus on retaining their core competencies and values, minimising financial risks, and opening up new opportunities in the future. These include mail order as well as the growing male market, and developing a CEO succession plan. Introduction The question for many businesses is whether they can operate successfully internationally and maintain integrity in a world of seemingly empty advertising claims. TBS has taken this challenge head-on. By selling only environmentally friendly recyclable or biodegradable products in minimalist packaging, they are practicing what they preach in a clearly identifiable way. Furthermore the way they develop new products by developing operations in third world countries (profits with principles) shows a commitment beyond most others who buy abroad solely for cost reasons. The article implies that they operate a best practice. Analysis will indicate whether this is the case and where any further opportunities lie. The External Environment The Hair-care market is fragmented in 1988 the total size of the UK market was à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½139M with the top five companies sharing 44%, the others 56%. The Shampoo market was similar 10-11 brands competed for half the market and 80-90 competed for the other half, with conditioner use growing. These products are highly advertised major brands in magazines and TV, leading to blurring of product lines to create new products e.g. conditioning shampoo. The market is segmented by price, target market age, function (health and hygiene, beauty products). Growth is mainly in upmarket product ranges mainly from women, with men on the rise. Supermarkets also have their own skincare ranges (30% of market) hair-care is being seen as a grocery item and is sold in family pack sizes. There is also growth in anti-ageing products minimising affects of wind, sun and polluted air. In 1986 the soap market peaked and was thought to be declining with bath oil/foam overtaking soap in 1987. Fruity soaps introduced by the Body Shop were imitated and pure fragrance-free brands like Simple and Pears and liquid soap were introduced. The latter had about 5% of the market then. The Body Shop is one of the few in colour cosmetics. Yves Rocher is main competitor to TBS which has a mail order focus and 1200 Beauty Centres worldwide. Financial Analysis Our financial summary (refer Appendix 1) is that there is generally good growth, however there are operational issues associated with the US market that require analysis and resolution. SWOT Analysis Introduction SWOT identifies the risks/opportunities of the position TBS is currently in refer Appendix 2 for the tabular summary: Strengths TBS overall has made good rising profits year over year, despite market forces. Its profitability comes from its leadership, the franchise system (lower cost of expansion for the company), rapid growth for the market for green products and the ability for competitors to enter a fragmented market with little direct competition. TBSs main competitive edge is its people and the way they are selected, trained and empowered to promote their products enthusiastically. TBS does not advertise. Rather, they depend on quality of product. Weaknesses The Body Shop is a small player in a fragmented market. Their products are easily imitated (although the natural ingredients make it logistically difficult) in fact most of ideas were copied from existing products and processes elsewhere in the world. The Managing Director in her bid to promote the company made enemies of prominent organisations that will not assist developing cooperative networks. In its efforts to enter the mainstream colour cosmetics sector of the market, has the company compromised its ideological stance? How will its loyal consumers regard this act will only unfold in the future. In some ways the Body Shop is trapped in its philosophical ideologies. The other markets sectors are only available by modifying their philosophy. Market wise the client base may age over time and the younger generation may not feel the same affinity towards all that the Body Shop stands for. A good example of this is Laura Ashley who failed to attract younger buyers to her clothes range and hence moved into home wares. Staking an almost holy claim on their environmental issues is fraught with danger should they falter allegations in 1989 regarding claims of Not tested on animals proved difficult but ultimately successful to defend (HREF3) and they did suffer share price ramifications during this time. A succession plan is required for Anita Roddick who is the face of the company. That successor will require similar skills and ideology mindset. Opportunities There are several opportunities to consider (refer Recommendations for discussion): 1) The growing younger market is health conscious and therefore demands products with this attribute. TBSs strategy is sound and should be continued. 2) Further expansion into the colour products is another areas that need to be considered, eg nails. 3) Development of TBS owned raw material facilities both locally and internationally. 4) Analysis, development and enhancement of the US market. 5) Strategies to tap into the emerging male cosmetic markets. 6) The development of its own stand in supermarkets where 30% of products are sold. 7) Mail order sales (case study is not clear whether this exists currently). Threats The major immediate threat to the company is its rival Yves Rocher. They produce and market similar products and have over 1200 stores. The recession is an external threat to TBS although it has performed above average so far despite it. The companys momentum is centred on the current leadership and the loss of Anita would be devastating. In summary their business is in a fairly strong position. Porter Five Forces Model Appendix 3 includes a summary table of the Porter model, which shows the competing forces of the beauty/cosmetics industry structure. Overall the areas are all moderate to high, however TBS has managed to ameliorate the major contingencies in each area to their advantage. Threat of New Entrants Low-moderate: TBS has key alliances with its suppliers, which make it hard to duplicate cost effectively, easily or quickly. Intensity of Rivalry High: However TBSs high brand identity, strong knowledge transfer to customers and low fixed cost and switching costs structure assist their triple bottom line. Bargaining Power of Buyers Moderate-High: Yet TBS enjoys high customer loyalty driven by value for money, product information, strong brand, and identifiable product differences vs. competitors. Threat of Substitutes High: Although customers are prevalent to substitute alternatives, TBSs strategies of as listed above diminish this likelihood significantly. Bargaining Power of Suppliers High: TBSs has lowered the bargaining power of suppliers by developing alliances with natural goods suppliers, benefiting the community as well as obtaining the necessary inputs required for their products. In summary, their strategies have been well crafted to execute their business in a highly competitive field. Key Success Factors (KSF) Consideration of KSFs as appropriate to the Hair-care and Beauty markets are as follows: * Strong recognizable brand required * Products must work as advertised * Natural ingredients increasingly highly marketable * Items easily available to purchase * A Product line from fingertips to fingernails * Friendly and informative customer service * Good press * Reliable supply of necessary goods * Value for money products TBS has most of these attributes, except perhaps somewhat limited distribution compared to products in department stores. Also TBS does not stock nail polish. This may be a deliberate strategic choice as they claim they are not in the beauty market or an issue of availability of natural product alternatives. Recommendations Recommendations are as follows: 1) Continue their current philosophy of product identification, natural ingredients, staff education, customer service and recycling -The growing younger market is health conscious and environmentally aware and therefore demands products with this attribute. Therefore TBSs strategy is sound and should be continued. 2) Further expand into the colour products, eg nails However this is contingent only if it can be done in situ with their core philosophies marketing to diversity of style rather than beauty. 3) Development of TBS owned raw material facilities both locally and internationally The question is whether their current resources are sustainable. Investing to ensure supply and management of their own fundamental core goods would assist consistency of supply. However, there are significant fixed cost implications. Also being tied to certain raw materials might stifle creativity/adaptability as new formulations and ingredients are discovered. The long-term business case needs further investigation. In the short term they should continue with their profit with principles philosophy. 4) Review of the US market opportunity A complete review of the US market and the conditions that have led to the à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½2M loss is required. Potentially the cultural differences of the US market high TV watching, mass-market advertising, and svelte packaging are expected norms. Reliance of word-of-mouth is less likely given a more conservative market overall. Perhaps TBS could leverage their community projects to have a higher profile in the press. Additionally, snappier packaging (using an industrial designer) with biodegradable/recyclable materials may attract more interest on the shelf. Cost/benefit analysis of these actions need further review. 5) Strategies to tap into the emerging male cosmetic markets Key alliances with surfing/outdoor lifestyle shops may be a first step. These could offer after activity natural aftershaves/crà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½mes/shampoos to suit the growing male market with a masculine emphasis. Additionally a larger male product selection in TBS stores could follow if successful. 6) The development of its own stand in supermarkets where 30% of products are sold. However customer service wont model the TBS stores and there may be some resistance given supermarkets have their own product range. Further, customers buying groceries generally are focused on minimising time in this task. For all these reasons this opportunity is not recommended. 7) Development of a mail-order catalogue given Yves Rochers success, mail order would appear to be a viable business venture. However it does diminish the hands-on demonstration and some aspects of the customer liaison benefits tied to TBS. Progress with care may require on-line customer assistance via web cam to work optimally. 8) Develop a leadership succession plan BTS needs to develop and train suitable candidates to take over Anitas lead at some point in the future. They need to have her ideology, mindset and press savvy. Conclusions The Body Shop is a formidable business that has put itself up to be counted against related industries that are less ethical and environmentally responsible. Fundamentally its position has gathered a momentum and empathy from customers who are looking for high quality, value for money goods that are ecologically sustainable. Staying true to this course, with a review of loss making markets and new opportunities in the male cosmetic markets and other fields should ensure their continued profitable performance.

Biography of Peggy Shippen, Socialite and Spy

Biography of Peggy Shippen, Socialite and Spy Peggy Arnold (born Margaret Shippen; July 11, 1760–August 24, 1804) was a Philadelphia socialite during the American Revolution. She was part of a notoriously Loyalist family and social circle, but she became infamous for her role in the treason of her husband, General Benedict Arnold. Fast Facts: Peggy Shippen Known For:  Socialite and spy who helped her husband, General Benedict Arnold, commit treasonBorn:  July 11, 1760 in Philadelphia, PennsylvaniaDied:  August 24, 1804 in London, EnglandSpouse:  General Benedict Arnold (m. 1779-1801)Children:  Edward Shippen Arnold, James Arnold, Sophia Matilda Arnold, George Arnold, William Fitch Arnold Pre-Revolution Childhood The Shippen family was one of the wealthiest and most prominent families in Philadelphia. Peggys father, Edward Shippen IV, was a judge, and although he tried to keep his political views as private as possible, he was generally counted as a â€Å"Tory† or â€Å"Loyalist† to the British colonials, not an ally of the would-be revolutionaries. Peggy was the Shippens’ fourth daughter, born after three successive older sisters (Elizabeth, Sarah, and Mary) and a brother, Edward. Because she was the youngest of the family, Peggy was generally considered the favorite and was particularly doted upon by her parents and others. As a child, she was educated like most girls of her social class: basic school subjects, as well as accomplishments considered suitable for a wealthy young lady, such as music, embroidery, dancing, and sketching. Unlike some of her contemporaries, however, Peggy displayed a particular interest in politics from a young age. She learned about political and financial matters from her father. As she grew older, she gained an understanding of these topics as they related to the Revolution; she had hardly known a time when the colonies were not at war, since the war began when she was only five years old. A Tory Belle Despite her genuine interest in politics, Peggy was still a young woman concerned with social events, and she tended to move mostly in Loyalist circles. By 1777, when Peggy was seventeen, Philadelphia was under the control of the British, and the Shippen home was central to many social events involving the British officers and Loyalist families. Among these guests was a significant figure: Major John Andre. At the time, Andre was an up-and-coming figure in the British forces, under the command of General William Howe. He and Peggy met often in social settings and were believed to be particularly close. The pair definitely shared a flirtation, and it’s fairly likely that their relationship bloomed into a full-fledged romance. When the British abandoned their stronghold in Philadelphia upon news of French aid coming to the rebels, Andre left with the rest of his troops, but Peggy kept up a correspondence with him in subsequent months and years. The city was placed under the command of Benedict Arnold in the summer of 1778. It was at this point that Peggy’s personal politics began to change, at least outwardly. Despite her father still being a staunch Tory, Peggy began to grow close to General Arnold. Their differences in political background were not the only gap between them: Arnold was 36 to Peggy’s 18. Despite this, Arnold sought the consent of Judge Shippen to propose to Peggy, and although the judge was mistrusting, he ultimately gave his consent. Peggy wed Arnold on April 8, 1779. Life as Mrs. Arnold Arnold purchased Mount Pleasant, a mansion just outside the city, and planned to renovate it for his family. They did not end up living there, however; it became a rental property instead. Peggy found herself with a husband who was not necessarily as much in favor as he once had been. Arnold had been profiting off of his command in Philadelphia, and upon being caught in 1779, he was found guilty of a few minor corruption charges and was reprimanded by George Washington himself. At this point, Peggy’s favoring of the British began to re-emerge. With her husband furious at his countrymen and their social circle increasingly including those with British sympathies, the opportunity arose to switch sides. Peggy had kept in touch with her old flame Andre, now a major and the spy chief for British General Sir Henry Clinton. Historians are divided as to who was the original instigator of communications between Andre and Arnold: while some point to Peggy’s close relationship with Andre, others suspect Jonathan Odell or Joseph Stanbury, both Loyalists affiliated with the Arnolds. Regardless of who started it, the undisputed fact is that Arnold began communications with the British in May 1779, sharing information on troop locations, supply lines, and other vital military intelligence. Espionage and Aftermath Peggy did play some part in these exchanges: she facilitated some of the communications, and some of the surviving letters include portions written in her handwriting, with her husband’s messages on the same sheet, written in invisible ink. In 1792, it would be revealed that Peggy was paid  £350 for handling some messages. Around this time, however, Peggy became pregnant, and she gave birth to a son, Edward, in March 1780. The family moved to a home near West Point, the crucial military post where Arnold had gained command- and where he was slowly weakening defenses in order to make it easy to hand over to the British. In September 1780, the plot fell apart. On September 21, Andre and Arnold met so that Arnold could hand over significant documents related to the West Point plot. As Andre attempted to return to British territory, however, he was persuaded by his go-between that it would be safer to ride in plain clothes; as a result, he was captured on September 23 and deemed a spy instead of an enemy officer. Arnold fled on September 25, leaving Peggy and their son behind. George Washington and his aides, including Alexander Hamilton, were scheduled to have a breakfast with the Arnolds that morning, and they discovered his treason as they arrived to find Peggy alone. Peggy became hysterical upon â€Å"discovering† her husband’s treason, which may have helped buy Arnold time to escape. She returned to her family in Philadelphia and feigned ignorance until a letter between Andre and Peggy was discovered, upon which she was sent to British-occupied New York with her husband, where their second son, James, was born. Andre was executed as a spy. Post-Revolution Life and Legacy The Arnolds fled to London in December 1781, and Peggy was presented at the royal court in February 1782. It was here that she was paid for her services in the war – an annual pension for her children, plus  £350 on the orders of King George III himself. The Arnolds had two more children – a son and a daughter – but both died in infancy in London. Arnold returned to North America in 1784 for a business opportunity in Canada. While he was there, Peggy gave birth to their daughter Sophia, and Arnold may have had an illegitimate son in Canada. She joined him there in 1787, and they had two more children. In 1789, Peggy visited family in Philadelphia, and she was made very unwelcome in the city. By the time the Arnolds left Canada to return to England in 1791, they were unwelcome in Canada, too, where mobs met them with protests as they departed. Arnold died in 1801, and Peggy auctioned off much of their property to cover his debts. She died in London of 1804, possibly from cancer. Although history remembers her husband as the ultimate traitor, historians have also come to conclude that Peggy played a role in that treason. Her legacy is a mysterious one, with some believing she was just a British sympathizer and others believing she orchestrated the whole betrayal (Aaron Burr and his wife, Theodosia Prevost Burr, were among the sources of the latter belief). Either way, Peggy Shippen Arnold went down in history as party to one of the most infamous actions in American history. Sources Brandt, Clare The Man in the Mirror: A Life of Benedict Arnold. Random House, 1994.Cooney, Victoria. Love and the Revolution. Humanities, vol. 34, no. 5, 2013.Stuart, Nancy. Defiant Brides: The Untold Story of Two Revolutionary-Era Women And the Radical Men They Married. Boston, Beacon Press, 2013.

Coding Schemes in Optical Fibre, Dicode Pulse Position Modulation, Literature review

Coding Schemes in Optical Fibre, Dicode Pulse Position Modulation, Reed Solomon Code, and FPGA - Literature review Example A review of the available literature would enhance the understanding of the coding schemes and hence make the researcher more capable of implementing the process of modulation. Transmission of data can occur either through analog transmission or digital transmission. In case of analog transmission of data, a carrier transmission in used. On the other hand, in case of digital transmission of data, baseband transmission is used. This implies that logical signals are sent for low and high levels of light. For low light level the logic signal is 0 and for high level of light the signal is 1. Sometimes a certain density of the transmission is obtained through data coding that can be applied in the process (Goff, 2002, n.d.). A good balance of 0s and 1s are offered by the schemes of line coding as discussed by Senior (2009, p.737). Related to this is the optical power budgeting that has been focused in studies by Senior. For the communication system based on optical fiber, power budgeting is obtained in the same way as it is done in case of other systems of communication. FEC refers to forward error connection the method of which is used for monitoring errors in the system of communication and forms an essential strategy developed within the line code. There are several line codes and schemes that can be developed in order to accomplish FEC in optical fiber systems of communication (Senior, 2009, pp.731-737). Pulse position modulation is associated with its implementation and performance on the optical channels. Optical communications based on free-space are significantly affected through changing atmospheric conditions (Acton, 2011). Researchers have been sincerely interested in learning about the performance of higher order multiple pulse position modulation over highly dispersive optical channels. This is performed through the use of different slots of the PPM system on the channel of the plastic optical fiber. The analysis of the

Iron Triangle Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Iron Triangle - Essay Example roup always has the potential of creating a situation in which through lobbying, they go an extra mile in having undue influence on the government of the day. For instance, The National Rifle Association can strategically lobby in order to block proposed gun control measures. The iron triangle concept can come into play in such a scenario the politicians in any of the two congresses bow to the lobbyists then in turn block initiatives like the universal background checks. This would happen even if majority of the voters support the proposed gun control measures. The congress forms another corner of the Iron Triangle. In many instances, the congress with the long term scheme of winning elections exchanges what can be called friendly legislations to government agencies and bureaucrats. This can always happen in two ways. Firstly, the bureaucrats receive less oversight from the congress which enables them to execute policy more freely.Secondly, agencies, special interest groups and bureaucrats receive lowered regulation and special favours.As an example, a congress person in the Agricultural Committee representing Midwest in the House representatives may lobby from the ethanol industry to support factual evidence on why its beneficial to use corn in producing ethanol. If the ethanol industry sees the congressman’s policies to be beneficial, then they play a great part in lobbying selling the representative as a bet for corn farmers. This would in turn raise chances for reelection. Government Agencies and bureaucracies form the third corner of the triangle. They have the main responsibility to implement the procedures and policies passed by the congress. Since congress is their key source of funding, they in some instances implement decisions which are in favor of the congress even if those decisions are unpopular with the citizens. For instance, Amtrack can apply dubious tactic of convincing the congress to reduce truck regulations although this has a long time