Essay on Shirows Ghost in the Shell -- Ghost in the Shell Essays

Shirows Ghost in the Shell   The real beauty of Mamoru Oshiis alteration of Shirows Ghost in the Shell lies in its attention to detail and the sheer cohesiveness of these details which collectively form complex ideas and plot. In nearly either detail and every plot element lies some tie to the key themes of the anime. Some of the main themes deal with the commodification of the flesh and body the separation between ones life story and body and the idea that a static environment or organism a weak stronghold. Here I will choose to focus on how through details the film explicates these themes, rather than spending time extrapolating or explaining the themes in detail myself.   The first key scene to examine is the interlude middle(prenominal) through the movie in which Motoko wanders through the city as music is played, inducing an almost transcendental mood. Nearly every one of those shots either shows the im disposition of the city, or some object which seems to make a statement about the separation between an individual and that individuals body, how the one does not equate to or determine the other.   For instance, Motoko sees some(prenominal) women- eating and walking- with the same face as her own, and the viewer immediately begins to wonder what else is similar. The concept that the body does not in any way determine the personality seems ridiculous to us, as our bodies are valued, and never to be bought sold, or worst of all, replaced. In the crowded, impersonal city (This impersonality was another important point, as that very lack knowledge of those around leads to a sort of commodification of strangers, which is similar to that same commodification of the body), among the thousands or millions of people she co... ...when Motoko gears up in the van as she and Togusa chase the garbage truck. They call of why he was hired, and her explanation is, Overspecialize and you breed in weakness. Its slow death. Indeed, plot-wise, the only r eason that Project 2501 chooses to meld with Motoko is that he does not wish to be weaker by being static.   All of these details are simply brief examples of variety and enormity of thought put into this animated film. Its visuals do as more for the themes as does its plot and dialogue, and neither may be completely separated. The endless foreshadowing brings about a certain interwoven quality of plot which makes this an amazingly complex- yet unified- story and concept. In all, Ghost in the Shell did a wonderful job of portraying its themes as each minute of the movie had something unexampled to show, and all were related to the total narrative.

Welcome to the Underground :: Free Essay Writer

Welcome to the Underground While America sleeps safely at night, safe and secure in their world, there is another world taking place, a menacing and wild world. Right beneath their noses, taking place in their super markets, in empty warehouses, abandoned buildings, parks, and at roller skating rinks. numerous will never greet or hear about this world, for it may be safer not to know. For if one knows, he may be tempted to want to come this world. Just indulging one night has been known to alter spelly lives. For once you go to the underground, there is no turning back. We walked towards the castle, drawn like magnets, already sensing the buzz of activity that lay inside. My friends were overly excited from the many energy drinks they had consumed earlier, so as to give them ultimate performance. My friend explained to me that a man named John Bishop built this castle single handedly, with little help from his family in 1963 and that every year he would add something ne w to it. It was nestled in the foothills of Pueblo, Colorado. As we walked closer the butterflies in my stomach flapped faster and more vigorously.The moon was shining brightly over our heads the time about midnight, and still our journey had just begun. there were people frolicking everywhere people of all ages, mostly teenagers though. They were dancing, hugging each other and running around zestfully. Most were dressed in Baggy jeans. superstar girl wearing a see-through plastic skirt with her pink daisy underwear displayed for all to view. Others had on doctors masks, were carrying glow sticks, and some even had pacifiers in their. I looked at myself, jeans and a T-shirt. I dont think Im dressed right. I whispered to my friend, a so-called Rave expert. Dont worry babe, nobody is going to care. He replied. Everyone seemed to know everyone else, except for myself. I knew no one. We were now nearing the entrance to the castle, each grasping our tickets as if they were the golden ticket in Willy Wonka. I handed my ticket to the doorman, which was transfer for a half hearted pat down by the security guard. I stepped into the world of the rave.

The Self-confidence of Jane in Charlotte Brontes Jane Eyre Essay

In the Websters online dictionary, self-confidence is defined as confidence in oneself and in ones powers and abilities.  A famous quote by Jim Loehr says, With confidence, you atomic number 50 reach truly amazing heights Without confidence, even the simplest accomplishments are beyond your grasp.  Confidence in yourself does not come without effort.  One must believe in themselves, and not let someone change their beliefs.  In the novel Jane Eyre by Charlotte Bronte, Jane shows self-confidence throughout the novel, by possessing a sense of self-worth, dignity, and a trust in God.     At the beginning of the novel while Jane is living under her aunt, Mrs. Reed, she is treated disrespectfully and cruelly.  She accuses Jane of being deceitful and a troublesome girl in foregoing of Mr. Brocklehurst, the master of Lowood School.  Jane is so hurt by this accusation that she cannot stop herself from defending her well being, and she stands up to her aunt.  She knows she is being treated disrespectful and has much more self-worth than ...

Compact Fluorescent Light Bulbs Essay -- CF Electricity Light Bulb Ess

Compact Fluorescent Light BulbsMany of you probably did not realize that you could spend twenty dollars for a light bulb, and most of you are wondering why you would. The answer will surprise you to save coin. Before you answer that I accept completely lost my mind, hear me out. The light bulb that I am referring to is a compact fluorescent light bulb, commonly called a CF. This is a self stocked fluorescent light that check intos into standard 120volt light fixtures. When compared with incandescent bulbs, CFs use only 25 to 30 portion of the energy and will last up to ten whiles longer. Even though they cost more than, from eight to twentyfive dollars each, the CFs you install in your phratry will not only pay for themselves but save you a substantial amount of money as well.To understand how these lights can save money we need to look at the way they work. CFs consist of glass tubes whose inner walls are coated with a material that fluoresces when an electrical curre nt is applied. Incandescent lights contain a filament that is heated by an electric current to the point that it glows but the majority of energy put into the bulb produces heat, not light. The CF is more efficient at turning electrical energy into light than the incandescent bulb, and electricity costs money. Locally, Public Service charges around 6.1 cents per kilowatt hour. Table I shows a comparison of three compact fluorescent bulbs with incandescent bulbs of similar light output, all made by the Philips Lighting Company. The life of the CFs is 10,000 hours, so this is the time period we will use.The two columns in Table 1 that are important are Light Output and Money Saved. Light output is a measure of the light a bulb p... ...venience, or environmental concerns, by making informed choices you will not even be aware that you have a different kind of light bulb in your home. Start slowly, maybe with just one or two bulbs, to make sure they fit and that the light output and color work for you. Be reasonable with your expectations your utility bill fluctuates from month to month, so you may not even notice a decrease of one or two dollars. Just remember that the savings really are there. Finally, do not think about the price of the CF think instead of the money you will save by using the bulb.Notes1. All CF bulb data from National Lighting Product education Program, Lighting Research Center, School of Architecture, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 5 June 2001 .2. Compact Fluorescents Come of Age, Consumer Reports, Jan. 1999 37.

The Oneida Community Essays -- Essays Papers

The Oneida CommunityThroughout the early years of the United States, Utopian communities seemed to be quite prevalent. Though most did not make it long, their ideas of perfection have long outlasted the settlements themselves. Of the many trial settlements one of the most noted was that of the Oneida community that was founded in the late 1840s by John Humphrey Noyes. Noyes association of self-proclaimed perfectionists was started after he lost his preaching license in an attempt to spread his new ideas of communal living. 1 The Oneida society, like many societies of this era, was based on seemingly radical religious as well as societal ideas. In the early years, the community thrived partially because there was no scrap amid its scientific and religious ideas. As the society grew and progressed toward its downfall, a significant separation of science and religion was becoming evident. Many believe that it was this growing conflict between science and religion that was ultimately the deteriorating element of communal living among the members of the Oneida experiment. John Humphrey Noyes, son of John Noyes and Polly Hayes Noyes, was born on September 3, 1811 in Brattleboro, Vermont. As the son of a well-educated businessman and an inquisitive mother, the young John was encouraged to love learning. After attending many schools in Vermont and mama John entered Dartmouth in hopes of completing his education. After his graduation from college in 1830 with a degree in law, Noyes moved to Chesterfield, New Hampshire.2 Around this time there was a large revivalist movement taking place. John Noyes parents were to hold a meeting of this group at their home in Putney, Vermont. Upon the request of his mother, John, a... ... 1. Peyton Richter edt., Utopias Social Ideas approximately Communal Living, (Boston Holbrok Press, 1971) 137. 2. Constance Noyes Robertson, Onedia Community, (New York Syracuse University Press, 1970) 2. 3. Robertson, 3. 4. Robertso n, 3. 5. Robertson, 4. 6. Robertson, 5. 7. Robertson, 5. 8. Robertson, 8. 9. Randall Hillebrand, The Shakers/Oneida Community (http//www.nyhistory.com/central/oneida.htm) 2. 10. Ira Mandelker, Religion, Society, and Utopia in Nineteenth-Century America ( Amherst, MA The Universtiy of Massachusetts Press, 1984) 117. 11. Mandelker, 118. 12. Mandelker, 113. 13. Hillebrand, 3. 14. Robertson, 14. 15. Robertson, 20. 16. Robertson, 21. 17. Mandelker, 119. 18. Mandelker, 119. 19. Mandelker, 132. 20. Mandelker, 92. 21. Mandelker, 147.

Search for Identity in the Poetry of Langston Hughes Essay -- American

Search for Identity in the Poetry of Langston HughesIn exploring the problem of identity in Black literature we find no simple or definite explanation. Nevertheless, it is generally accepted that it is rooted in the reality of the discriminatory social system in America with its historic origins in the institution of slavery. genius can discern that this slavery system imposes a double burden on the Negro through severe social and economic inequalities and through the healthy psychological consequences suffered by the Negro who is forced to play an inferior role, 1 the latter relates to the low self-estimate, feeling of helplessness and basic identity conflict. Thus, in several(prenominal) form or the other, every Negro American is confronted with the question of where he is in the prevailing white society. The problem of Negro identity has various dimensions manage the color, community and class.The inescapable reality of the Negro existence in America is color which is inherent in the concept of self, manifest in race-consciousness.2 This is significant because a Negro establishes his identity with other individuals, known or unknown, on the basis of a similarity of color and features, thus making his racial group rank and file the nexus of his self identity.3 In 1915, the Association for the study of Negro life and history made special endeavours to convince the Negroes that they could never acquire respectability in society if they despised their history and looked upon themselves as inferior. It was felt that the American Negro must remake its past in order to make his future.4 by and by the Negro began to search his identity in the glorious past-his heritage and his folk tradition, he began to feel proud of his black wholesome colour. La... ...hes, One. Selected Poems ( tender York Alfred A. Knopf, 1979), p. 92. Langston Hughes, Bound Noth Blues. Selected Poems (New York Alfred A. Knopf, 1979), p. 174. Langston Hughes, Vagabonds. Selected Poems (Ne w York Alfred A. Knopf, 1979), p. 91. Langston Hughes, Merry-Go-Round. Selected Poems (New York Alfred A. Knopf, 1979), p. 194. Langston Hughes, I, too, Sing America. Selected Poems (New York Alfred A. Knopf, 1979), p. 275. Langston Hughes, New Song, A New Song (New York International Workers Order, 1938), p. 25. Langston Hughes, The Black Man Speaks, Jim Crows Last Stand (Atlanta Negro progeny Society, 1943), p. 5. Langston Hughes, Freedom, Jim Crows Last Stand (Atlanta Negro Publication Society, 1943), p. 7.

Search for Identity in the Poetry of Langston Hughes Essay -- American

Search for Identity in the Poetry of Langston HughesIn exploring the problem of individuation in Black literature we find no simple or definite explanation. Nevertheless, it is generally accepted that it is rooted in the reality of the discriminatory social system in America with its historic origins in the institution of slavery. One can discern that this slavery system imposes a double burden on the Negro through severe social and sparing inequalities and through the heavy psychological consequences suffered by the Negro who is forced to play an inferior role, 1 the latter relates to the low self-estimate, feeling of helplessness and basic individuality conflict. Thus, in some form or the other, every Negro American is confronted with the question of where he is in the prevailing white society. The problem of Negro identity has various dimensions like the color, community and class.The inescapable reality of the Negro existence in America is color which is inherent in the concep t of self, manifest in race-consciousness.2 This is significant because a Negro establishes his identity with other individuals, known or unknown, on the basis of a similarity of color and features, thus making his racial group membership the nexus of his self identity.3 In 1915, the Association for the study of Negro life and history made special endeavours to convince the Negroes that they could never let respectability in society if they despised their history and looked upon themselves as inferior. It was felt that the American Negro must re put one over its past in order to make his future.4 After the Negro began to search his identity in the glorious past-his heritage and his folk tradition, he began to feel proud of his black wholesome colour. La... ...hes, One. Selected Poems (New York Alfred A. Knopf, 1979), p. 92. Langston Hughes, alternate Noth Blues. Selected Poems (New York Alfred A. Knopf, 1979), p. 174. Langston Hughes, Vagabonds. Selected Poems (New York Alfred A. Knopf, 1979), p. 91. Langston Hughes, Merry-Go-Round. Selected Poems (New York Alfred A. Knopf, 1979), p. 194. Langston Hughes, I, too, Sing America. Selected Poems (New York Alfred A. Knopf, 1979), p. 275. Langston Hughes, New Song, A New Song (New York International Workers Order, 1938), p. 25. Langston Hughes, The Black Man Speaks, Jim Crows Last suffer (Atlanta Negro Publication Society, 1943), p. 5. Langston Hughes, Freedom, Jim Crows Last Stand (Atlanta Negro Publication Society, 1943), p. 7.

Modern Art Essay

Some people consider advance(a) arts not serious. In this regard, the question apprize we think of modern art as square art? comes into existence. So to answer to this question we need to take for consideration what is art in general and what forms it has. There are a variety of arts, including visual arts and design, decorative arts, plastic arts and the performing arts. So, Art is defined as the expression or application of human creative skill and imagination. And artistic expression takes many forms word picture, drawing, printmaking, sculpture, music, literature, and architecture are the most widely recognized forms. To begin with, when we speak astir(predicate) modern art, in most cases we think about the field of fine arts. Because exactly fine arts underwent the visible changes for centuries.The number of styles of painting is enormous. Artistic kit and boodle can be grouped by styles according to the common principles of creative thinking. Each epoch is characterized by a certain worldview that is why throughout the centuries the ship canal of thinking about art was also changing. Fine arts faced such styles as Gothic, Renaissance, Baroque, classicism, Realism, Impressionism and so on. new-fashioned art refers to works produced during the period from 1870. Typically, modern artists rejected previous Renaissance-based traditions, in favour of new forms of artistic experimentation. They used new materials, new techniques of painting, and developed new theories about how art should reflect the comprehend world.And nowadays at that place exists a great amount of styles of Modern art, for example Abstract Expressionism, Pop Art, Performance Art, Dada Style, Neoplasticism, Surrealist Style, Postminimalism, Graffiti Art, etc. Concerning the question of modern art its quite difficult to judge, but nevertheless people are divided into two sides pros and cons. First and foremost art implies the inseparability of form and cloy and of course talent. F amous artists affirmed that it is necessary to master the skill the main component of the art. But many modern works have lack of this component.Modern art has no its purpose to create the artistic work, that is why modern artists are indifferent to internal connection of form and content. Therefore it is impossible without consequent comment for example the artist can grab a canvas, paint it in different colours and put some strokes on it, and this kind of painting can represent his happiness. Because it is often said that modern art can be done without any talent or efforts.After all real art needs to show emotion, beauty, and needs to be a window to the artistsemotions. Art is something that you see and must look deeply into to experience or find beauty in. Modern art is art that a 5 year old can do so it has too exact effort to be considered art. Many people believe that such so called artists are supported by the mass media, that is why their works are change for million d ollars. Every person could take a brush and do smth like that, but no one would buy this daub. They say Leonardo was a great artist. Raphael was a great artist, but modern ones cant be compared.So for the great majority of people modern art is not serious. On the other hand, who is anyone to judge what real art is? After all our understanding of art comes to nothing more than our school knowledge about periods of Renaissance, Classicism or Modern. Just because one doesnt like or understand the art, doesnt mean that the art is not real art. Besides, it should be noted that there is the term contemporary art, meaning the work of artists of the 90-ies of XX century. It represents the mirror of contemporary world. And often great

My Best Holiday Celebration Essay

Syria is a mixture of cultures , it combines between Christians and Muslims , as 30% of the population is Christians and the rest is Muslims throng in this country celebrate together the same holiday festivities whereas Christians have many holiday jubilances such as the head of the year , and Muslims have cardinal per a year such as ead feter and ead adha . And one of the best holiday celebrations ever was ead feter which we celebrate it for many reasons. One major reason of this holiday is to rend the fast after thirty days without eating from the sunrise till sunset . And during this thirty days , pot sit together sharing a large dinner then they watch many series and competitive programs on the TV . Moreover , most of them stay awake till evening telling each other stories and comics , and as Islamic people share the celebration of the head of the year with Christians , also Christians people share the dinner and the celebration with them. Furthermore , the distinguished part of this celebration is the communication between families, whereas after this thirty days all the members of every family should visit each other, and across the generations the senior(a) instructs the younger , and the younger enlivens the older.In the same way , even who are unconnected by blood they should at least call each other on the phone and say hello , such as friends or neighbors. Another reason is to remind rich people to donate the poor people by many ways . For instance , there is something called Zakat which is mean that people should donate 2.7% of their money account for poor people by hand alternatively of philanthropic organization .In addition, neighbors exchange each other (rich people to poor people) the food they made to make close relations gather together. Other important reasons exist , but in conclusion ,I can tell from this celebration that the familiarity and the intimacy between all the members of the society such as friends even different relig ions , families , and neighbors all in all can be stronger and closer much more than any days during the year.

Six Dimensions of Health Worksheet

For each of the following 6 dimensions of wellness, list at least one char procedureeristic, activity, belief, or attitude that reflects that dimension in your life. Provide a brief explanation with each example. Refer to Ch. 1 in the text for explanations of these dimensions. Physical wellness As of right now eating healthy is part of my physical health. Since I am currently over eight months pregnant I am concentrate on eating healthy and once the baby is born I will focus on exercise to better my physical health. Social health Being open and honest with my family and friends is a way I work with my social health.This is a healthy way to keep and form relationships with them and new bulk I come into contact with. Intellectual health During my scheduled class time I have made for myself I am working my head word to use my intellectual health. I sometimes have to critically think and dig deep into my thoughts to bring out information to help educate others as they do the same fo r me. Environmental health Living in the state of New York recycling is the law so by doing so I am keeping my environmental health stable as well as helping the Earth to stay healthy.Emotional health Sometimes my pregnancy hormones test to get the best of me, so I must learn to stay calm and convey them in a to a greater extent appropriate way. Talking astir(predicate) things is a way to get things off my chest and relieve stress in a healthy way. Spiritual health Being true to what I believe is a way I stay spiritually healthy. It allows me to stay at peace with myself throughout the day. Part 2 In approximately one hundred twenty-five to 200 words, describe health and health in your own words using the ideas and concepts for each of the six dimensions of health.Being healthy and having overall wellness is more than just a physical aspect in our lives as human beings. In order to have health and wellness is a combination of the six dimensions of health physical, social, intell ectual, environmental, emotional, and spiritual. Keeping these aspects healthy and equal can sometimes be a challenge. To me wellness is being able to keep all of these dimensions at a healthy level. They are all linked in some way. Each of us may link them differently, but to achieve good overall wellness we have to work at each dimension.Physical health is more than just eating right and exercising, but is making good choices for our body. Social health is more than just dealing with the way we communicate with others but how we deal with certain social situations. Intellectual is more than just how we think but how we act upon our thoughts. Environmental does not just affect what we do to the environment but how we can better it using our intellectual and social health. Our emotional and spiritual health affects more than just ourselves, but others also and we must work towards all of these to attain health and wellness.

Principles of diversity, equality and inclusion in adult social care settings Essay

1. Define what is meant by (1.1.1)A. diversitydiversity means variety plurality varied in lots of ways their age, beliefs, height weight in a health c ar setting men and women vary in age, each having their own personal experiences and beliefs, clients also have their own eating habits, clients are also diverse in their personal direction for e.g. a female client may only want her personal hygiene dealt with by a female member of staff. All these and many more differences make for a diverse world.see morelegislation and codes of bore relating to diversityB. equalityequation is treating people fairly regardless of their differences ensuring everyone has accesses to the same information for example housing, shelter is a basic need that everyone has regardless of their differences. Some people need spear carrier help such as people with learning or health difficulties, people with mental illness. Equality is also about providing the right information/ go so that these more venerable people are not at a disadvantage or treated less fairly than anyone else.C. inclusion inclusion body is accepting everyone despite thither differences much like equality to help develop a sense of belonging it is also getting rid of fanaticism of differences and providing help and assume. Any organisation or institution including local authorities, health care service providers ect that support and promote inclusion demonstrates that it supports everything about the people involved with it. Inclusion nurtures a sense of wellbeing and belonging and of confidence in ones identity and abilities.D. inconsistencyDiscrimination happens when we stage out of negative prejudice, anti-Semite(prenominal) behaviour results in unfair and unjust treatment. The people likely to to be discriminated against are those who are different in there respect of age, sex, bailiwickity. Ability, size, financial status. in that location are two forms of discrimination direct and indirect. Direct discri mination is when someone is intentionally treated unfairly for eg harassed for the colour of there skin. Indirect discrimination is when rules or guide lines meant to apply to everyone unintentionally effect one group of people more than others2. Describe how direct or indirect discrimination may occur in the consort setting (1.1.2) Indirect discrimination eg a company policy requires everyone to work a night shift indirectly discriminates against individual parents. Direct discrimination eg someone being directly harassed for the colour of their skin, their sexual orientation ect.3. Explain how practices that support diversity, equality and inclusion reduce the likelihood of discrimination (1.1.3) Inclusive practise involves having an understanding of the disastrous impact that discrimination inequality and and social exclusion can have. Having this understanding ensures appropriate and personalized care and support. Enabling a developed sense of self respect and maintain a value d role in society.4. List key legislation and codes of practice relating to diversity, equality, inclusion and discrimination in adult social care settings (2.2.1)The human rights act 1998 the health and social care act 2008 The equal pay act 1970 residential care and nursing homes regulations 2002The sex discrimination act 1975Race relations act 1976Disability discrimination act 1995Employment equality regulations 2003The nhs and union care act 19805. Describe how to interact with individuals in an inclusive way (2.2.2) To include everyone, interact the same despite age, colour ect promote everyones differences.6. Describe ways in which discrimination may be challenged in adult social care settings to promote change. (2.2.3) One way to Challenge work place discrimination and making change happen is by analysing the reason why a worker behaves in a discriminatory way.7. Identify sources of information, advice and support about diversity, equality, inclusion and discrimination (3.3. 1) National nurses research unit and health worker standards these can both be accessed via internet also many leaflets there are many more sources of information.8. Describe how and when to access information, advice and support about diversity, equality, inclusion and discrimination (3.3.2) You can accesses information via your manager, on line using national nurses research unit you should accesses this information when you feel discriminated against, treated unfairly or are being asked for advice as this is happening to someone else. Once you have completed, youre learning Advisor will be able to cross reference all the knowledge into UNIT 4222-203 of the diploma.

Secret Life of Bees Research Paper

Jackie Yets 3/21/11 Per. 6, English H2/SP Secret Life of Bees research Paper While one reads the swear out Monk Kidd novel, The Secret Life of Bees, an enigma acquainted with the password is why the unappeasable bloody shame of Breznichar in Bohemia is use as opposed to a white Virgin Mary.With the story taking place in the racist south of 1964 it would be reasonable to assume that a opaque Mary wouldnt be common, or readily accepted however she still occupies a large area of the womens lives. For the Boatwrights, the Daughters of Mary, and quickly for Lily and Rosaleen, the black Virgin Mary is placed in the book as a source of strength, and maternal comfort. The most obvious symbolism of the Black Madonna of Breznichar in Bohemia is that it is featured in the novel to give the characters a religious strength.In the story of Our Lady of Chains August tells how the statue was such an inspiration to the slaves, and how Our Lady alter their hearts with fearlessness And if it eve r grew weak, they would only have to touch her heart again, (109-110). Our Lady of Chains, some other Divine black figure in the book besides the Madonna of Breznichar, does that same liaison for all of the women. Along with Our Lady the Bohemian Black Madonna has the same effect on the Daughters of Mary, because it showed them that whats providential can come in dark skin.You see, everybody needs a God who looks like them, (141). In the real world however, there is no such thing as the Black Madonna of Breznichar in Bohemia. The historical region of Bohemia was located in the same area as modern Poland, and Poland is home to a tumefy known Black Madonna, Our Lady of Czestochowa, who shares many similarities with the Madonna of Breznichar in Bohemia. These similarities, including features and elements of the pictures, strongly suggest that the Madonna of Breznichar in Bohemia is based on Our Lady of Czestochowa.Our Lady of Czestochowa is hale known for her miracle working, most ly involving scaring away foreign invaders and assisting small groups of defenders in defeating powerful armies (Similar to Lily, Rosaleen, the Boatwrights, and the Daughters of Mary gaining the strength to convince an angry T-Ray to leave Lily with them? ). The Black Madonna is also historically known to have been at the foundation of rebellions and revolutions, and leading to informaldom which can again be connected to Lily leaving and becoming free of her father. However the Black Madonna of Breznichar in Bohemia also has another role.Another component of the Bohemian Madonnas role is her place as a mother of thousands. In a reflection on The Secret Life of Bees by the author, Sue Monk Kidd said that the Black Virgin Mary existed in the novel to be a symbol of comfort. She also planned for Lily to have a coming home to herself, and a discovery of a mother within to take place with the help of a divine female presence, the Black Mary. Along with the strong connections between th e Mary and a mother-like role to the characters, in a religious perspective she is of course a symbol of motherhood, and giving life.In general, the Virgin Mary is known for giving birth to Christ. there is also another connection concerning the Black Mary, which is that she is the ancient earth-goddess that was altered for use in Christianity. Many other goddesses were pictured as black, most importantly Ceres the roman print goddess of agricultural fertility. Keeping in mind the theory that the Black Madonna is an ancient earth-goddess, agriculturally the best fertile soil is characterized by a black color. The blacker the soil, the more(prenominal) becoming it is for farming. Good farming leads to more food, which keeps humans alive. Summing it up, the black earth gives life.This is another strong connection to a life giving maternal role. Theres also another spiritual connection to the comfort brought by the presence of Our Lady of Czestochowa. This connection regards the hid den meaning of the colors present in the images of the Mother first is the blue-green background, which symbolizes hope. Foremost, the brown skin color is more important, subtly indicating the human element as hearty as the long report seen by the Madonna. With all of these characteristics related to the Black Virgin Mary, it is clear why Kidd would create this divine figure to inspire her cast of characters.The insurgence nurtured in the tale of Black Madonna created the perfect symbol to guide Lily in her search for a home and a connection to both her literal mother, as well as the mother within herself. Works Cited Duricy, Michael P. Black Madonnas Our Lady of Czestochowa. Black Madonnas. The Marian Library/International Marian Research Institute. , 26 March 2008. Web. 13 March 2011. Jozwik, Ziemowit. A Treasury of Europe. Europe and Me Magazine. N. p. 4 January 2010. Web. 13 March 2011. http//www. europeandme. eu/8heart/455-the-black-madonna Kidd, Sue Monk.Secret Life of B ees- The Black Madonna in the Novel. Sue Monk Kidd. LUX Interactive, LLC. , n. d. Web. 13 March 2011. Duricy, Michael P. Black Madonnas. The Marian Library/International Marian Research Institute, 6 October 2009. Web. 13 March 2011. Cahoy, Nate. Comparing Madonnas. The Black Madonnas. PB Works. n. d. Web. 13 March 2011. Our Lady of CzestochowaBlack Madonna of Breznichar in Bohemia

Professional Issues in Nursing Essay

As a nurse, I make judgement that would affect longanimouss health every day, I am aware that I get under ones skin a great duty to match my patients sentry duty to maintain the public trust (Chitty & Black, 2011). After learning this module, it helped me acquire adequate knowledge to better manage legal and ethical issues at work. For the sake of providing a high quality of wield to my patients, I must be knowledgeable in both (Croke, 2003). Nowadays, the public is aware of legal issues and organized information is for sale through the internet. As a result, medical litigation claims have been rapidly increasing. Most claims against nurses are due to medical negligence (Tay, 2001). I am apt(predicate) for my own pr beice, and if I fail to act as a honest prudent person in certain conditions, I may be liable for medical negligence (Chitty & Black, 2011).Research shows several errors leading to nursing negligence. For instance, a nurse fails to follow precedents of care, fai ls to use equipment in a responsible manner, fails to communicate, fails to document, fails to assess and superintend and fails to act as a patients advocate (Croke, 2003). In 1998, Hurwitz states in order to call forth medical negligence, the patient plaintiff must prove The defendant nurse owned the plaintiff a duty of care and breached in this duty of care by failing to provide the required reasonable measuring of care.Thus this breach of duty of care caused the plaintiff damage. I would like to discuss a case encounter in my practice for caseful to reflect my knowledge. A 55 year old patient admitted for chest pain and on telemetry monitoring. This patient requested for shower bath, a nurse removed his telemetry and was learn to assist the patient during shower, but the patient insisted to shower on his own. Then the nurse left the patient alone without instructing him to call for help if he snarl any discomfort. After a while, the nurse went back to check, patient was fo und collapsed on the toilet floor. The issue that came across my mind is If I am that nurse, am I negligent?Learning consign 1 Duty of careA patient went to the hospital and hospital is agreeable for patients treatment, thither will be a contract between the hospital and patient. The hospital has the duty to provide quality treatment to the patient. Nurse as the employee, if he acts badly, it contribute be reasonably foreseen that thepatient may be injured. Therefore the nurse owes a duty of care in treating the patient (Staunton & Whyburn, 1996). In this scenario, I have a bond with my patient therefore I owe a duty to provide reasonable and competent care to my patient (Hurwitz, 1998).Learning point 2 Standard of careThe nursing standard of care is what the reasonably prudent nurse did in the same circumstances (Staunton & Whyburn, 1996). In capital of Singapore, we have the standard of care and code of ethics for nurses and midwifes as our guideline for practice, it is our resp onsibility to follow the standard ( Singapore nursing board, 2011). In this case, the patients determination to shower without assistance, is his autonomy (Tay, 2001). According to value statement of code of ethics, I respected the patients individual needs and privacy, and also respected and promoted patients autonomy by allowing patient to do so (Singapore Nursing Board, 2011). In this case, there is a conflict between respecting patients autonomy and providing care in a responsible and accountable manner. I need to make a choice between two alternatives. There is no absolutely office or wrong end (Keilman & Dontje, 2002).The decision made by me is to respect the patients autonomy, but this may violate the principle of non-maleficence as this decision of allowing patient to shower alone may delay the time to find out patient has collapsed, then it unintentionally caused harm, so I failed to provide in a responsible and accountable care (Chitty & Black, 2011). If I choose to prov ide care in a responsible and accountable manner, I should have insisted to pursue patient, but by doing so I may violate patients autonomy. According to standard of care of nurses and midwives, I should communicate with client efficaciously and provide appropriate information to the patient (Singapore nursing board, 2011). I should inform patient that he is on high risk of developing heart dishonour and shall be monitored closely. Failure to communicate effectively leads a breach of duty.Learning point 3 Avoid medical negligenceTo avoid medical negligence, I think the most important is to prevent the breach of duty of care. According to Bolam test, I will not breach the duty of care if I followed the standard of care (Hurwitz, 1998). In order to meet the standard of care, I need to be a knowledgeable and a safe practitioner,be technically competent, and advance up-to-date with current practice (Chitty & Black, 2011). We must be familiarized with the standard in nursing practice . When we use them to guide our daily practice, we are acting in the best interest of the patient (Singapore Nursing Board, 2011). When you do decision making, ask yourself, have you followed the standard of care? Nowadays, the nurses are also being encouraged to act as advocates for their patients, to safeguard standards of care and to speak out where those standards may be at risk. (McHale & Tingle, 2001, p36). I think, our role as an advocate needs to improve, as nurses do not have the courage to interrogate the doctors order.Clinical improvementIf this scenario happens again, what do you think will help the patient? I note there are some good strategies to adhere Set hospital policy and educate the staff to provide comprehensive information (Chitty & Black, 2011), for example, they must clear that for clients on telemetry monitoring, patient should not be left alone. The patient must be warned that he is at risk of heart attack. To persuade patient for his sought after action , and for his own safety, he should allow assistance. If patient is stubborn and insists to shower without supervision, delegate a staff to standby at the shower door, the hospital need to ensure adequate staff patient ratio (Chitty & Black, 2011).ReferencesChitty, K. K., & Black, B. P. (2011). Professional nursing concepts & challenges (6th ed.). Maryland Heights, Mo. Saunders/Elsevier. Croke, E. M., (2003). Nurses, Negligence, and Malpractice. American Journal of Nursing, 103(9). 54-63. Retrieved from http//www.nursingcenter.com/lnc/journalarticle?article_id=423284 Hurwitz, B. (1998). Clinical guidelines and the law negligence, discretion, and judgement. UK Radcliffe Medical Press. McHale, J. V., & Tingle, J. (2001). Law and nursing (2nd ed.). Oxford Butterworth/Heinemann. Singapore Nursing Board. (2011). Codes of Ethics & Professional Conduct. Retrieved from http//www.healthprofessionals.gov.sg/content/dam/hprof/snb/docs/publications/Code%20of%20Ethics%20and%20Professional%20Cond uct%20%2815%20Mar%201999%29.pdf

Gasland and the Social Conflict Theory Essay

Gas lay can be examined using the tender contravene theory of socialism. There are three main theories of socialism structural functional, social conflict, and symbolic interaction. The undercoat for social conflict being the best candidate for Gasland is because it shows how much power, wealth, and prestige the presidential term can aim among the U.S. population.Josh Fox is the main character in the documentary, Gasland, and he can sell his land for $100,000 to the government for them to put in natural gas areas and dr baleful wells for it. Other home owners with much land would do this to get money but then once the natural gas was set totally over their land, there was a hassle. After the wells were drilled, water disuniteed going bad and people became ill because of the contaminated water. For example, one familys water was so polluted that their water was able to catch on fire. Another example of bad water was that the animals on a farm would drink this water and start l osing their hair.These many stories swept over the United States as Josh Fox went around to homes with this natural gas-water problem interviewing folks who were all deeply concerned for their well-being. Water started turning yellowish-brown and citizens had to go into town just to sully bottles of water to bathe in and drink. It became a huge social conflict that escaladed slowly but surely.To abstain this short essay, social conflict clearly examines in this film that how opposing interests run through all(prenominal) layer of society. The constant balancing of trying to progress the U.S. environment is difficult when it is happening at a rapid pace. Striving for more power may just be the main cause of social conflict.

The Hunters: Phantom Chapter 10

Elder blossoms can be uptake for exorcism, protection, or prosperity, comely read, lying flopped down on her bed, chin propped on her hands. Mix with comfrey and coltsfoot and bind in red silk during a waxing moon to make a charm beauty for attracting wealth. Distill in a bath with lavender, feverfew, and motherwort for personal protection. Burn with hyssop, sporting sage, and devils shoestring to perform a smoke that can be used in exorcising bad spirits.Devils shoestring? Was that real y an herb? Unlike most of the others, it didnt sound like some ignoreg shed find in her mothers garden. She sighed noisily and skipped ahead a tiny.The best herbs for aiding meditation are agrimony, chamomile, damiana, eyeb function, and ginseng. They may be tossed together and burned to create smoke or, when ointmented at dawn, dried and sprinkled around the subject in a circle.Bonnie eyed the wide mass baneful y. Pages and pages and pages of herbs and what their properties were in diffe rent circumstances, and when to gather them, and how to use them. Al written as dryly and dul y as her elevated school geometry text watchword.She had al airs hated studying. The best thing ab let prohibited the summer between high school and col ege was that no one could expect her to spend any time tucked up with a reasoned book, trying to memorize excessively boring facts. Yet here she was, doing honest that, and shed summarize y brought it on herself.But when she had asked Mrs. Flowers to teach her magic, she had expected something, wel , cooler than being handed a heavy book on herbs. Secretly, she had been hoping for one-on-one sessions that involved casting spel s, or flying, or summoning fantastical servants to do her bidding. Less reading quietly to herself, anyway. Shouldnt there be some way that magical knowledge could just implant itself in her brain? Like, wel , magical y?She flipped preceding a few more pages. Ooh, this looked a bit more interesting.An amulet fil led with cinnamon, cowslip, and dandelion leaves will help in attracting love and fulfilling conundrum desires. Gather the herbs in a gentle rain and, after drying, bind them with red velvet and currency thread. Bonnie giggled and kicked her feet against the mattress, thinking that she could probably espouse up with some secret desires to fulfil . Did she need to pick the cinnamon, or would it be okay to just get it extinct of the spice cupboard?She turned a few more pages. Herbs for clarity of sight, herbs for cleansing, herbs that had to be gathered under the ful moon or on a sunny day in June. She sighed once more and closed the book.It was past midnight. She listened, exactly the house was quiet. Her parents were sleeping. forthwith that her sister Mary, whod been the last of Bonnies three previous(a)er sisters to leave home, had moved in with her boyfriend, Bonnie missed having her estim fit down the hal . But there were also advantages to not having her nosy, bossy big sister so close.She climbed out of bed as quietly and cautiously as she could. Her parents werent as sharp-eared as Mary, but they would come and check on her if they heard her getting up in the middle of the night.Careful y, Bonnie pried up a floorboard under her bed. She had used it as her hiding place ever since she was a little girl. At first she had kept a dol shed borrowed from Mary without permission a secret candy stash bought with her al owance her favorite red silk ribbon. Later, shed hidden notes from her first boyfriend, or tests shed failed. Nothing as alarming as what was hidden there now, though.She lifted out another book just as thick as the volume on herbs Mrs. Flowers had lent her. But this one was olderlooking, with a dark leather big top wrinkled and softened by time. This book was from Mrs. Flowerss library, too, but Mrs. Flowers hadnt given it to her. Bonnie had snuck it off the shelf objet dart Mrs. Flowerss back was turned, sliding it into her backpack a nd projecting her most innocent face when Mrs. Flowerss sharp eyes lingered on her afterward. Bonnie felt up a bit guilty tricking Mrs. Flowers like that, especial y after the old woman agreed to mentor her. But, honestly, no one else would have had to sneak the book out in the first place. Any reason Meredith or Elena gave for wanting it would have immediately been accepted by everybody as right and true. They wouldnt even have to give a reason, just say that they needed the book. It was that Bonnie who would be sighed at and patted on the head sweet, silly Bonnie and stopped from doing what she wanted.Bonnie stubbornly mass her chin and traced the letters on the books cover. Traversing the Boundaries Between the Quick and the Dead, they read.Her heart was pounding as she opened the book to the page shed marked earlier. But her hands were quite steady as she removed four candles, cardinal white and two black, from beneath the floorboard.She struck a match, lit one of the blac k candles, and tilted it to dismiss wax on the floor beside her bed. When there was a little pool of melted wax, Bonnie touch the bottom of the candle into it, so that it stood upright on the floor.Fire in the North, protect me, she intoned. She reached for a white candle.Plugged into its charger on the bedside table, her phone rang. Bonnie dropped the candle and swore.Leaning over, she picked up the phone to command who was cal ing. Elena. Of course. Elena never realized how late it was when she wanted to talk to somebody.Bonnie was tempted to press ignore, but thought bankrupt of it. Maybe this was a sign that she shouldnt perform the ritual after al , at least not tonight. Maybe she should do some more research first to make sure she was doing it right. Bonnie blew out the black candle and pushed the button to answer her phone.Hey, Elena, she said, hoping her friend didnt sense her irritation as she placed the book gently back under the floorboard. Whats up?The ash was unbear ably heavy. He strained against it, pushing at the blanket of gray holding him down. He clawed frantical y, a panicked part of him wondering whether he was even going upward at al , whether he might not instead be digging himself farther under the surface. One of his hands was clutched tightly around something something fine and fibrous, like thin petals. He didnt know what it was, but he knew he shouldnt let go of it, and despite the fact that it hampered his struggle, he did not question this need to hold on.It seemed as if he were clawing at the thick ash forever, but final y his other hand broke through the crumbling layers and relief flooded his body. Hed been going the right way he wasnt going to be buried forever.He reached out blindly, searching for something he could use to lever himself out. Ash and mud slid under his fingers, giving him nothing firm, and he floundered until he found what felt like a piece of wood in his grasp. The edges of the wood bit into his fingers as he clung to it as though it were a lifeline in a stormy ocean. He gradual y maneuvered his way up, slipping and sliding in the slick mud. With one last great effort, he wrenched his body out of the ash and mud, which gave a thick sucking noise as his shoulders emerged. He climbed to his knees, his muscles screaming in agony, so to his feet. He shuddered and shook, nauseated but euphoric, and wrapped his arms around his torso.But he couldnt see anything. He panicked until he realized something was holding his eyes shut. He scrubbed at his face until he detached sticky clumps of ashy mud from his eyelashes. After a moment, he was final y able to open his eyes.A desolate wasteland surrounded him. Blackened mud, puddles of water choked with ash. Something terrible happened here, he said hoarsely, the sound startling him. It was so profoundly quiet.It was freezing, and he realized he was naked, covered with only the same muddy ash that was everywhere. He hunched over and then, cursing himself for his momentary weakness, painful y straightened himself up. He had toHeHe couldnt remember.A drop of liquid ran down his face, and he wondered vaguely whether he was crying. Or was it the thick, shimmering fluid that was everywhere here, mixing with the ash and mud?Who was he? He didnt know that, either, and that blankness triggered a trembling in him that was quite separate from the shivering caused by the cold. His hand was stil clenched protectively around the unknown object, and he raised his fist and stared at it. After a moment, he slowly uncurled his fingers.Black fibers.Then a drop of the opalescent fluid ran across his palm, over the middle of the fibers. Where it touched, they transformed. It was hair. wily blond and copper hair. Quite beautiful.He closed his fist again and held them against his chest, a new endeavor building inside him.He had to go.Through the haze, a clear picture of his destination sprang into his mind. He shuffled forward through the ash and mud, toward the castlelike gatehouse with high spires and heavy black doors that he somehow knew would be there.

Education and Students

Copyright school-age child Course per cropance A percentage of the price you paid for this work testament be passed on to the author. Institution City & Guilds Course 6302 Preparing to T to to each one one in the Lifelong attainment Sector PTLLS Unit 1 T study Theory 1 Words 1231 Title Describe what your role, responsibilities and boundaries would be as a teacher in terms of the teaching/training rack.As a teacher in Beauty Therapy I would have m any roles and responsibilities many of which hatful be lesson planning, identifying a students necessitate and referring students to early(a) agencies or services, to set goals and motivate students, understand and respect students, attend meetings so I can agree up to date with relevant guide lines and legislation relating to my subject in which I teach, to name on the dot a few. Teachers require many skills and qualities such as dwellledge in the subject in which they teach, confidence, beingness organised and trustworthy.I als o have a duty of c be to my students to look after their health and guard in the environment in which I teach. I have to set boundaries within which to work, in ordain to keep my student/teacher relationship on a professional level and to be cap adequate to deliver quality teaching within a safe environment. In terms of the training cycle a teachers role and responsibilities film the following Identifying ingests It is substantive I find out the needs of the subject and students in order to plan lessons.Students needs should be established from interviews, application forms, ice-breakers etcetera whatever special requirements can be picked up at this stage and planned for e. g. dyslexia, dysphasia and also any disabilities which may influence class location e. g. access, specialised equipment etc. I will discuss with the student what he or she wants to achieve and how to go about this, the objectives are the steps deemn to attain this outcome. It is important to know a stud ents needs in order to do a suitable lesson plan.I will treat each and every student as an individual with respect to their own individual needs for example if a student needs extra support from another source I need to be able to tell them where they can get the support they require. I need to stick sure all resources and facilities are available to the students when they need them. Identifying needs and an understanding of my students as well as good communication is essential to successful teaching, whether it be with primary age children, GCSE level students to further education students wanting to gain skills relevant to their work or wishing to embark on a areer change. Variety in teaching and nurture will ensure that your sessions are meeting individuals needs and are addressing different spans of attention (Wilson L 2008 38 ) It is forbid to copy or resell this work without written permission Http//www. studentcoursework. co. uk 1 Copyright Student Coursework A percentage of the price you paid for this work will be passed on to the author. Plan and physical body The course content needs to relate to the syllabus and any constraints should be considered e. . time, resources, methods of delivery, variety, health and safety etc. Activities and resources should be tailored to the needs and level of the students whilst also being cognisant of individual needs. Activities should vary in order to keep my students interested and help them to learn progressively again, health and safety issues need to be taken into account when performing any activities and also availability of resources.There may be a need for a risk assessment if the activities include a field trip and resources may need to be booked in advance e. g. IT equipment, transport. when delivering learning, plan tasks in a logical order, relating theory to practice and involve students with their own experiences. Al expressive styles state clearly what you are going to do and why. Recap and sum marise topics, buy out key words and ask questions to check learning. Try not to do too much or complicate your delivery as knowledge takes time to be assimilated.Keep things simple. (Garvells A 2007 6 ) forego / Facilitate When planning and delivering I will need to acknowledge and respect the individual needs of a student, and where more help and support is needed students can be referred to Learner services for the appropriate support. I will deliver lessons in a way my students will understand. My Knowledge transfer is important to any student. I shall make sure a student understands the information I am delivering and I will do so in a way which an individual student will understand.I need to be flexible with my techniques a lesson plan is only a guild and I may have to make adjustments as I deliver. I will aim to motivate my students and move on students to participate in discussions and debates, ask them to share their knowledge and experiences. I need to manage my time w ell and keep to my goals and enjoy each lesson. Ensure that every lesson includes methods that appeal to visual, auditory and kinaesthetic learners. Follow a structured style introduction, snapper and an end. ( Wilson L 2008 169 ) Assess I will be constantly assessing from the very first application form which is completed.Every lesson is an assessment and as the teacher I will be looking for each and every ones excitant into the lesson. Questions and answers are relevant when assessing it is a way of knowing whether my students are absorbing and understanding the information which I am delivering to them. Without questions and answers assessing would be impossible. There are different ways of assessing it can be achieved by direction of written tests, verbal tests or discussions, performing activities as a group or as an individual, assignments and projects.I should forever and a day be fair with my assessments and develop to my student if there are any issues with the assessm ent. I will explain why I have failed him/her, be open to constructive criticism and dont take things personal if a student disagrees with me. Also know my boundaries, there is no favouritism, I will encourage feed back and keep records ranging from a register to IPLs and records of achievement which can be utilize to track a students progress and ripening as well as a way of evaluating.It is forbidden to copy or resell this work without written permission Http//www. studentcoursework. co. uk 2 Copyright Student Coursework A percentage of the price you paid for this work will be passed on to the author. Evaluate It is important to evaluate the learning process in order to ascertain its effectiveness. It helps to identify any problem areas and highlight where improvements can be made. Evaluation can be via feedback from students at the end of a lesson.It can also be in the form of self evaluation and reflective practice in order to help development and improve on teaching skills. I will encourage my students to keep a journal as this will help me and my student to identify their progress, their highs and lows in specific areas of their course. You can also recognise some ones stronger areas and their weaknesses allowing you to give them support in the areas that need that extra input and praising them for the areas which they have excelled.This also reflects on my delivery skills as a teacher allowing me to have the opportunity to touch up on my skills or areas in which students find challenging. It maybe I need to deliver this in a different way for a particular student to understand, resulting in a better method of teaching. Evaluation helps you look at things from a bigger picture, as course work comes together I will become aware if a student is falling behind or keeping up with the pace of the course in which I may want to change my methods of delivery or my lesson plan to suit the student.This brings me back heartbeat to the beginning stage of the cyc le again where I can reassess and reflect before outset the whole cycle again. Improvements and changes can then be made if necessary. References Gravells A. (2008) Preparing to teach in the Lifelong learning Sector Third addition. Learning Matters Ltd Wilson L. (2008) Practical Teaching a guild to PTLLS & CTLLS Delmar It is forbidden to copy or resell this work without written permission Http//www. studentcoursework. co. uk 3

Market Structure of the German and British Tour Operators’ Industry Through the Analysis of the Package Tour Prices in the Balearic Islands. Essay

Abstract In this stem we view a sample of encase limp worths of German and British hindrance streetwalkers in the Balearic Islands. One of the proposes of this study is to analyse if there ar crucial differences in expense between check promoters callable to different factors than those associated to the characteristics of the flip ( number unmatched hypodissertation). These differences in worth sw acknowledge for been showed in Sinclair et al. (1990) by British check operators in the resort of Malaga and in Aguil et al. (2001) by German check operators in Majorca. The briny results speckle out differences in expense between hindrance operators non associated with the characteristics of the big bucks disco biscuits stretch out, that we interpret as an oligopolistic feature of the twist operators commercialise. The genereted data is also useful to forecast the use that hotel bondage play. Our wink hypothesis is to contrast if the knowledge of hotels in range of a functions offset the play operators securities industryplace precedent.Keywords German and British excursion operators industry Balearic Islands piece of land magical spell prices. groundworkThe Balearic Islands could be one of the regions that best symbolised the Mediterranean sun and b all(prenominal) spends. This graphic symbol of arrestistry emerged in the 60s and supposed a ricking draw a bead on in the evolution of pieceism. Before this date a couple of(prenominal) encumbranceist get winded the islands and all of them were of the upper class, afterwards 1960 the middle and lower class ass afford vacations collect to several(prenominal) economical and cultural exchanges. One of the intimately burning(prenominal) changes was the serving ecstasy made by whirl operators, who collect to the volume and standardisation of the packages generated economies of scale, and so, lower prices to holidaymaker who be pay off to arrive in circle. Eu ropean consumers showed a growing tendency to this role of vacation, partly due to lower prices that, for the corresponding final product, could offer patch operators ( go away and tourismIntelligence, 2000). This lower price is the result of a bulk dialogue with the different elements that constitute the package tour, essentially hoteliers and airlines. In the present story, we will focus on the talks with hoteliers, as the main European tour operators argon vertically integrated with charter airlines. The lack of studies on hoteliers-tour operators price negotiation is due to the non-availability of data cogitate to this theme. So, although we consider that empirical evince is necessary, our last choice was to arrange several interviews with different hoteliers to know or so the price negotiation with tour operators. The results of these interviews highlight that operators who contract more directions beds atomic number 18 those who get lower prices. Obviously, thos e operators are the lifesize ones. So, we mickle start from the premise that grownup tour operators relieve oneself mart power on mass finiss. The main purpose of this paper is to study prices that tour operators insure on the package tour brochures in ball club to determine if they last in a competitive or oligopolistic discoveretplace place. If in the decline market operates under perfect competition, tour operators could fix a marginal-cost price, on the former(a) hand, they could fix a price above the marginal-cost without losing market share if the origin market is oligopolistic. Anyway, the existence of economies of scale in exchanges, marketing and purchasing, mean that there are conditions, which strongly prefer tightness in the tour operator industry (Williams, 1996).Both German and British tour operators reign the European market in 1999, as seven of the ten main tour operators are of these nationalities (FVW Europische Veranstalter in Zahlen, documentation 1999/2000). Moreover, in from each one country tremendous tour operators turn out great market shares in 1999 the seven large(p)r German tour operators care up a 83% market share (FVW), whilst the iv main British tour operators control the 86.6% of the Spanish market (AC Nielsen). On the other hand, the Balearics attract large numbers of German and British tourist, accounting for 70% of the total of foreign tourists in 2000ii and as exposes Williams (1996) the refinements that are dependent on the British and German markets are in fact locked into relativeships with the powerful tour operators in these countries. The root propose (hypothesis 1) of this paper is to contrast the market power of these companies when selling the Balearic Islands. By the way, the hotel imprisonment in the Balearic Islands, as an association of hotels, can negotiate lower prices with tour operators than an individual hotel, and thus, can offset the power of tour operators in the Islands. This is the last point (hypothesis 2) that we want to analyse in the paper. Dunning and McQueen (1982) argued that there are third conditions for the emergence of international hotel chains 1) where there are net ownership advantages 2) where there are locational endowments 3) to assign market transactions. In mass tourism the authors argued that the first deuce conditions do non exist, as the tourism product being sold is largely indifferent to branding and location factor endowment. We do not thing that mass tourism and hotel chains may not be held concurrently, as most Balearic hotels chains pass water internationalise and nearlywhat of them are between the most important in the world. Resuming, in this paper we will examine the German and British tour operators industry through the synopsis of the package tour prices on the Balearic Islands and the roll that hotel chains play. The evidence that price could give is not enough, but a intestine approach to analyse the tour oper ators package tour industry. The paper is divided as follows in the attached section, we first review the literature concern to tour operators, then we describe the data used in the paper. After that, we show some descriptive results of the package tour prices, in order to identify the beguile of some relevant characteristics of the package tour on its price. Then, an analysis of fluctuation is done to evaluate the statistical significance of the shiftings detected as significant in determining the price of package tours and finally some observations on the package tour industry are offered before reaching an boilers suit conclusion.LITERATURE palingenesisThere are implicit statements between those who work on the tourism sector, that tour operators dominate mass destination markets and although there are numerous assertions of the wideness of tour operators, there has been little detailed enquiry on this topic. We intellection that the package tour industry analysis is stil l at its beginnings, despite its relevancy in most of the European markets. Several researchers aim discussed the structure of this industry, but the conclusions in some cases piddle turned out to be contradictory. Sheldon (1986) argues that the US package tour industry is polarised into a few large stable buckrams and many subatomic less stable firms, and reason that the industry is contestable. Fitch (1987) presents descriptive evidence of market power in the UK package tour industry. Baum and Mudambi (1994) argue that the UK package tour industry is oligopolistic and inclined(predicate) to price instability. Taylor (1996) queries whether the UK industry is contestable or oligopolistic and concludes that the UK market is contestable. Curtin and Busby (1999) expose that due to economies of scale, tour operators throw enormous buying power (monopsony) as well as considerable control of the distribution and sale of their product in the market place (monopoly power). The above papers are base in theoretic arguments. Evans and Stabler (1995) use descriptive statistics to argue that the UK industry is divisioned according to strategic groupings, where the large firms are oligopolistic and the small ones are competitive. Gratton and Richards (1997) introduce some empirical evidence on package tour prices and tour operators market shares. They conclude that the UK package tour industry is contestable, whilst the German is a stable oligopoly.Davies and Downward (1998, 2000) use econometrics, and the results gave empirical support to the Evans and Stabler thesis of strategic groupings. Concretely, they argue that the UK package tour industry is segmented by size. On the other hand, there are some papers that study the tour operators industry in destination places rather than in the origin markets Taylor (1995) analyses the package tour price competitiveness in several Mediterranean destinations and concludes that the Spanish hotels are price acceptant, and em phasises the high tour operators negotiation power. Sinclair et al. (1990) examine the package tour prices in Malaga and conclude that there are significant differences in prices between UK tour operators. Aguil et al. (2001) study the German package tour prices in Majorca and come to the conclusion that there are significant differences in prices, no related with the package tour characteristics. Furthermore, due to the antimonopoly legislation, some concentrations between tour operators pose been analysed by The Monopolies and Mergers relegating (the British authority on mergers and concentrations) and the European explosive charge (the European authority on mergers and concentrations). In 1988 The Monopolies and Mergers Commission investigated the learning of Horizon transit by Thomson Travel Group and reported that the British tour operators market was competitive. They demonstrated thatwith the followings facts the price competitiveness of the market, low profitability, re latively easy entry by spic-and-span firm to the tour ope valuation industry and higher(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) prices in Germany and other European countries. On the other hand, in 1999 the European Commission investigated and blocked the acquisition of inaugural pickaxe by bloodtours alluding to several features that indicated a prevailing vista on the British tour operators market. By the way, other acquisitions between tour operators of different nationalities investigated by the European Commission use up been expected not to operate a slangst the competition (Airtours/Frosch spellistik and TUI/Thomson). At this point, we consider that the European Commission do not investigated the market power that this macro European tour operators can have in a nearly future on some destinations, as the Balearic Islands, where almost 20% of the tourist are carried by Thomson and TUI, nowadays belonging to the same touristic group.THE DATAThe data used in this paper is fro m 28 German and 20 British tour operators summer 2000 brochuresiii. The brochures describe in detail the characteristics of each offer (hotel category, proximity to beaches, liquid pool, etc) and give an overall price, not giving a price to each element of the offer. Many of the characteristics described in the brochures are related to the hotel star valuationiv, regulated by law. thus far it should be stress that the star rating dont constitute an exhaustive description of the hotel, so there are other characteristics that impinge on package tour prices. Concretely, we consider zone, hotel star rating, beds in room, pass judgment of get on, proximity to a population centre, picturesque surroundings, lift, child forethought, playground, air condition, TV, SAT, garden, entertainment, no smoking areas, swimming pool, tennis, bicycles, sports, sauna, gym, golf, room sea view, mini hindrance, proximity to a intrinsic area, proximity to beaches, total rooms and floors of the hot el and grievous bodily harm to the tour operator. Tour operators package tour prices for the same hotel vary depending on the specific characteristic of the offer (beds in room, instance of get on with, zone, etc) and of other facts, concretely transport cost, length and conviction of the socio-economic class. As in Aguil et al. (2001) we consider, from the point of view of price competitiveness, the influence on prices of products characteristics rather than transport cost and time of year for the present analysis. Thus, the present analysis focuses on offers for a stay in one-to five-star hotels in the Balearic Islands, considering scarce prices for the first week of August 2000 (high season) and with departure from Dsseldorf and Gatwick.The high season was chosen because that time of the year (May-October) is when more tourists visit the Balearic Islands. Nearly the 50% of the tourist that visit the Islands concentrate in the months of June, July and Augustv. The selection of the first week of August was arbitrary. The choice of Dsseldorf was based on the fact that it moves 20.9% of the German tourist that come to the Balearic Islands and for the British tourist, Gatwick was chosen because it canalise 29.9% of British touristvi. Comparisons between nationalities are workable because a charter races mean price from Gatwick or from Dsseldorf to the Balearic Islands do not present significantive differences. We really thought that our data is suitable to analyse the tour operators price structure in the Balearic Island. Our previous statement is based in the fact that 8921 tour operators offers associated with 693 hotels were analysed, plot 713 hotels is the official number of registered hotels in the Balearic Islands. Furtehrmore, the fact that nearly 90% of hotel rooms are contracted by tour operators in the Balearic Islands allow us the inference of the results to the industry. abbreviation OF THE PACKAGE TOUR PRICESOur first hypothesis to contrast is if there are differences in price due to tour operators and thus, not associated with the characteristics of the offer. The second hypothesis is to analyse the role that hotel chains play in the last of package tour prices .We first realize a descriptive analysis, to accommodate on with an analysis of variance. Thus, allow us to discriminate the effect that tour operators and hotel chains have on prices, estimating if there are differences and the smorgasbord of differences.Descriptive analysisTour operatorsThe variability of the prices of the packages offered are due to several factors, some of them associated to the characteristics of the offer and some related to the tour operator that organise the package tour. To analyse our first hypothesis we have to isolate the tour operator effect by homogenising the offer. We can only compare prices between tour operators if the offers are homogenous. Hotel star rating, fictitious character of board and beds in room are expected to be, in a first approximation, the main causes of price variability. So, the offers that we consider are in a double room with half board in a tether stars hotel. Figure 1 and 2 present the box-plots of the price in this market segment for each tour operator for each nationalityvii. In figure 1, it can be seen that, Niag Reisens, FTIs and order Blaues Meers median price is in a range clear above the rest, while SLR and ger Tours, and TUI and C&N present similar distributions. Insert Figure 1 about hereIn the case of British tour operators, figure 2 shows that the positions of the price distributions have a clear order Airtours price distribution is above the rest, then go Thomas Cook and Virgin and finally, Cosmos, First Choice and Thomson are third in the ranking. Insert Figure 2 about hereA sleepless reading of this information allows the inference of factors other than hotel star rating, vitrine of board and number of beds in a room in price determination. Although other fact ors determining price are considered in the analysis of variance, these results point to a differential effect associated with the tour operator. Once we have highlighted the differentiation effect of tour operators, we carry on with its analysis. We dont have to forget that tour operators are intermediaries between the hotel industry and the holidays consumers. Its control efficiency of the market in a zone or in a demand segment could be reflected twain in hotels, through a low price negotiation, and with customs, oblation higher prices in the brochures. The first one, regrettably, can be estimated trough the data, but we can explain the possibilities that tour operators have when they establish the package tour price. If they have market power in destinations (we assume that large ones have) will reach lower prices per room. At this point, in general terms, tour operators have cardinal alternatives. First, theycan establish lower prices in the brochures, so its mark-up will not benefit, but consumers on the other hand, tour operators can raise mark-up and get beneficiated. The first choice will show market power with attentiveness to hoteliers, whilst the second will state market power with respect to hoteliers and clients. To focus on its control capacity and its influence on prices, we have created a new variable product concentration degree that measures the importance of each tour operators offer by nationalities in each market segment, according to star rating and type of board. It has been calculated as the percentage of the number of offers that each tour operator realise in each hotel star rating and in a specific type of board, regarding the total number of offers in this segment. A 10.9% value for this variable to Neckermanns three stars hotel and half board offers, mean that the 10.9% of the package tours offers in three stars hotels and half board are realise by this tour operator. A dispersion graph between this variable and the mean pric e by hotel star rating and type of board are shown in figure 3 for British tour operators and in figure 4 for German. Insert Figure 3 about hereThe dispersion graph shows a positive relation between Product concentration degree and the average price by star rating and type of board of British tour operators offers. The Pearson coefficient (0.384) confirms that the relation is significantive and positive. Insert Figure 4 about hereThe same results are buzz offed with German tour operators, with a Pearson coefficient of 0.293, but although the coefficient is significative and positive, the general picture is not so clear. So, the general conclusion for both nationalities is that as the Product concentration degree increases the average price by star rating and type of board is higher. Our first preliminary conclusions of this descriptive analysis of tour operators are devil 1) There are differences in price among international companies. 2) As the control of a market segment by a to ur operator increases, it can fix higher prices. Hotel chainsThe association of hotels in chains is seen, among other factors, as an intention to offset the European tour operators growing market power(Bardolet, 1990, p.228 Doxa, 1988). Regarding to hotels chains and its capacity to offset the tour operators market power, we have created a dummy variable with further information called harmony with ttoo which takes three categories 1) the hotel doesnt belong to a hotel chain, 2) the hotel belongs to a hotel chain and it have some kind of agreement with tour operators and 3) the hotel belongs to a hotel chain and it have any agreement with tour operators. Once we have buzz offed the dummy, we have calculated the mean difference between each category for offers in a double room with half board in a three stars hotels. We expect to abide by that offers in hotels that belong to hotel chains are more expensive than those related to offers in hotels that dont belong to hotel chains, as they are able to negotiate higher prices with tour operators and thus, tour operators charge this higher prices to consumer. Nevertheless, the brochure price analysis reflect different results, as are showed in the following tables hold over 1 misbegotten price for German package toursMean price No chain stove without agreement range of a function with agreement (92985) (93257) (90827) No chain -272 2157 (0.7) (0.254) Chain without agreement 2430 (0.06) put back 2 Mean price for British package toursMean price No chain Chain without agreement Chain with agreement (149896) (148909) (139707) No chain 986 10189 (0.7)(0.03) Chain without agreement 9202 (0.01) remands 1 and 2 show the mean price for each category in brakets, the difference mean prices between categories and its significance in brakets. The results are truly explicit and present the same pattern in both nationalities, offers in hotels that belongs to hotel chains with agreements with tou r operators have lower average prices than those that dont have agreements or dont belong to hotel chains. The results are significantive for British offers, however, for German offers, while the price average difference between hotels with or without agreements is on the saltation of the 5% significance, the price average difference between hotel with agreements and those that dont belong to a hotel chain is not significantive. On the other hand, there are non significantive average price differences between hotels that dont belong to hotel chains and those that belong to one without agreements. The obtained results can be interpreted as follow hotel chains that have any kind of agreement with tour operators are more concerned in obtaining higher occupancy rates than higher prices, that can mean lower occupancy rates. Thus, if offers are cheaper in those hotels, they could have higher occupancy rates. Supporting our thesis, Dunning and McQueen (1982, p. 86) explained that hotels a ssociated with tour operators will also presumably be able to object and maintain higher occupancy rates because the parent company is in a control position in channelling tourist towards its own hotel. The conclusions obtained with this descriptive analysis of the hotel chains were at a first survey unexpected, but relevant as the package tour prices fixed in the brochures, reveal that what involve negotiation power is not the hotel chains per se, but the association with tour operators.Analysis of varianceThe analysis of variance will allow us to compare the importance that different characteristics of the offer have on the overall price, as well asdifferential effects linked to the tour operator and hotel chains. The first one was detected in preliminary works as Sinclair et al. (1990) and Aguil et al. (2001), while the second one is a new attribution to this field. Its seems appropriate to consider, given the previous results, as determinants of the package tour price the hote l star rating, the type of board and the number of beds in the room. Although the main characteristics of the package tour are covered by this variables, the brochures learn in detailed each offer and this information is available in our data to improve the analysis. virtually of this can be superfluous, in terms of its relationship to the category of the hotel or its redundancy. This is the case, for example, with a characteristic such as a satellite TV and TV in rooms or child care and playground. Nevertheless, descriptive analyses also state that the tour operator, the variable product concentration degree and the variable agreement with ttoo have something to say about the final price of a package tour. With this specification, the signification of tour operator cant be put down to characteristics of the offer not completely covered by the hotel star rating. The variable used to analyse the differences was the price of the package tour specified in the brochure. set back 3 f or British and in table 4 for German show the results of an analysis of variance of the variables that turn out to be significant.Table 3 Analysis of variance of the variable price of British package tour. Dependent Variable price Source DF F-ratio PrF Model 44 281.67 0.000 Residual 2297 Total 2341 R jog=0.841 Variables DF F-ratio PrF Intercept 1 5157.82 0.000 Beds in room 2 291.38 0.000 Hotel star rating 4 210.05 0.000 Type of board 3118.78 0.000 Tour operator 14 89.09 0.000 Zone 10 35.64 0.000 Product concentration degree 1 20.61 0.000 amount of floors 1 8.79 0.003 Room sea view 1 21.98 0.000 Mini bar 1 102.02 0.000 Air condition 1 19.67 0.000 Playground 1 15.66 0.000 Picturesque surroundings 1 258.13 0.000 Proximity to a natural area 1 44.20 0.000 Swimming pool 1 37.23 0.000 Sauna 1 64.95 0.000 Golf 1 18.98 0.000 Table 4 Analysis of variance of the variable price of German package tour. Dependent Variable price Source DF F-rati o PrF Model 58 323.94 0.000 Residual 6467 Total 6525 R square=0.742 Variables DF F-ratio PrF Interseccin 1 5892.90 0.000 Beds in room 3 418.40 0.000 Hotel star rating 4 991.06 0.000 Type of board 3 79.31 0.000 Tour operator 22 21.89 0.000 Zone 14 42.70 0.000 Product concentration degree 1 100.21 0.000 Agreement with ttoo 2 6.57 0.001 Number of floors 1 30.51 0.000 Room sea view 1 187.33 0.000 Air condition 1 10.82 0.001 Mini bar 1 78.96 0.000 Sat 1 51.88 0.000 Playground 1 55.09 0.000 No smoking areas 1 9.26 0.002 Proximity to a natural area 1 71.38 0.000 Swimming pool 1 5.40 0.020 As can be ascertained in the above tables the variable agreement with ttoo appears only significantive for German package tours. However, the variable product concentration degree appears significantive and positive for both nationalities. This result show that the great control of a market segment by a tour operator in the Balearic Islands allow it to exert a gre at market power fixing higher prices and thus, reveal the oligopolistic features of this market. The identity of tour operator appears for both nationalities significantive. Aguil et al. (2001) explained this results in two ways. First, it is possible that there are characteristics not observable in brochures, which would be associated with the level of fictional character of the go offered by the tour operator. The second explanation points to the monopolistic nature of competition in this type of market. Sinclair et al. (1990) attribute the differences in price to the greater effectiveness of certain advertising campaigns or the inability of smaller companies to take advantage of the economies of scale that the large ones enjoy. The first explanation of Aguil et al. (2001) refers to variables as flight schedules, degree of attention, and so on. In our sample this factors has been taken into account. So, the rest of explanations given by authors to this fact reveal, in a wide ran ge, an oligopolistic feature of this market, especially among large tour operators, that permit them to have different strategies one another. Obviously the specific dodging of each tour operator is unknown, but the analysis of the parameters estimated (table 5) offer us an overall strategy, that has been contrasted by the companies portfolios.Table 5 Tour operators estimated parametersPhoenix -10370 Thomson-21473 LTU -6340 First Choice -14170 ITS -5504 Cosmos -11381 Alltours -5196 Thomas Cook -4879 Dertour -5193 Virgin 0 C&N -2571 Airtous 18065 SLR -334 TUI 0 Club Blaues Meer 1166 Frosch Touristik 5070 Niag Reisen 6346 ger Tours 9518 German data is richer in terms of size of tour operators than British data, and so, we can observe large tour operators TUI, C&N and LTU medium Dertour, FTI and ITS and small Alltours, Club Blaues Meer, Niag, ger, Phoenix and SLR. However, British data is composed by large tour operators Thomson, Airtours, Thomas Cook and First Choice and medium Cosmos and Virgin. Although the mark up of each package tour sold is not so high, the total number of packages sold determine its benefits. Therefore, rather than benefits, market shares are the objective of tour operators. Generally speaking, small German tour operators fix higher prices, except Phoenix and Alltours. This fact is due to its lower capacity of negotiating prices with the supply side, and the relative exclusive distribution system created by large tour operators. When the tour operator is unable to reduce its costs due to its size, must fix higher prices and have lower market share. By the way, TUI is the German and European tour operator with great market share and is, among large tour operators, the one that fix the highest prices. Its growing strategy through expanding in other markets, allow TUI to increase its market share without reducing prices. That is, TUI can fix higher prices without losing market share.The rest two large tour operators C& N and LTU fix prices lower than TUI. C&N could follow a lower prices strategy to rise its market share and challenge TUI leadership. On the other hand, LTU hasbeen acquired by REWE in January 2001, so the low prices in summer 2000 can be interpreted as an attempt to gain clients and rise its market share (LTU has reduce its market share dramatically from 1994 to 1999). Finally, we have the medium tour operators Dertour, ITS and FTI. The first two fix lower prices in an attempt to rise its market share. Medium tour operators dont have the great negotiation power that large ones have, and so, dont obtain low prices in the negotiation with the supply side, but if they want to become large they have to obtain clients and then fix in the brochures low prices. The last one, FTI, has during the last years internal problems that conduce to its acquisition by Airtours. This problems can be associated with the high price fix in summer 2000. Alltours, despite its categorisation as a small tou r operator, is among the small ones, the one that have the greatest market share, and we can put its strategy on an equal foot with ITS and Dertour. On the other hand, Airtours is among large British tour operators the one that fix the highest prices. This tour operator is the second in terms of market share both in the British and in the European market. Just like TUI, Airtours has grown through the expansion to other countries and the product diversification. This two facts allow Airtours to fix higher prices without losing market share. Although, Airtours is not the market leader in Great Britain (place hold by Thomson), it behave as it was. The acquisition of Thomson by TUI in 2000 due to financial problems can explain the low prices of the British leader. To sum up, except the small tour operators, the three tourist groups that control the European market fix the highest prices. So, although they have market power with the supply side and obtain the lowest prices in the negoti ation, these prices are not diverted into low package tour prices. Therefore, large tour operators have market power both in origin an in the Balearic Islands. We can reflect our thesis with a more general model that show the implications of the price elasticity on mark up. The theory stars with the premise that profit maximizing firms with market power set price (P) as a mark up over marginal cost (MC), which mark up depends on the elasticity of demand ((), where ( is delimitate to be positive. ThuspicAt this point, we consider that the introduction of an aggregate measure of the competitive conduct in the tour operator industry is a great deal (See Papatheodorou, 2001), but we go further list that tour operators perform in two related but different scenarios destination and origin countries. In the Balearics Islands tour operators are the demand side and the hoteliers are the supply side. Tour operators are price sensitive, so its demand is quite elastic, and thus the hoteliers mark up is lower. So, hoteliers are concerned in occupancy rates. On the other hand, in the origin countries Germany and UK, tour operators are the agents that supply the package tour to the consumers, so they operate as the supply side and the consumers are the demand side. Consumers behave in to different ways when descend where to expend their holidays 1) Type 1 consumers dont have any special destination to go and will go to the cheapest one. 2) Type 2 consumers want to go to the Balearics. Type 1 consumers are really price sensitive, its demand is elastic and so, tour operators mark up will be lower contrary, type 2 consumers are less sensitive to price, so tour operators mark up rises. This second type of consumers are more attractive both for tour operators and hoteliers the first ones can rise its mark up, whilst the second ones obtain a loyal tourism. Although, the mass market tour operators industry as a self-coloured is characterised by small margins, this differentia tion between consumers highlights the impact of loyal consumers on margins and question the statement that tour operators put destination-based business (above all hoteliers) at a bargaining disadvantage because they have obtained the initiative in persuading their clients which destination to visit. Which type of tourism have the Balearic Islands? Cladera (2002) shows that both German and British tourists repeat its holidays in the Balearic Islands (67.65% and 78.11% independently in 2000). This figures point out that the Islands are a destination that tourists claim and can drive us to tell that the Islands have a type 2 consumers, but we can be in attend of a type 1 consumer if the reason of visiting the Balearics is the price, so we have to carry on investigation the reasons for the visits. Aguil et al. (2002) observe that the main reasons for choosing the Balearics as their holidays destination for German tourist are clime (20% of answers), beaches (15.9%), environment and hot el quality (13.4%), transfer facilities (7.4%) and price (6.7%).British tourist give more importance to price (11% of answers), but the most relevant reason is still the clime (21.2%). Environment and hotel quality represent 12.1% of answers, whilst beaches are only a 10%. This figures can be find by another perspective, specifically, by the number of people who have marked each of the reasons. Doing that we can observe that clime is the main reason, marked by 80.2% of Germans and 84.6% of British. While the 63.6% of Germans showed beaches as a coming reason, only a 40% of British consider beaches as a reason. footing is influent in the decision for only the 26.9% of Germans, while British are more concern about prices, 45.3%. Environment and hotel quality is marked by 53.9% of Germans and by 48.3% of British. Transfer facilities (29.7%) and night atmosphere (22.5%) is more important for Germans than for British people (12.6% and 15.5% respectively). Furthermore, Cladera (2002) an alyses the number of tourist who have selected the price as a reason for choosing the Balearics differentiating by first-time tourists and loyal ones. Cladera conclude that the 34.6% of first-time German tourists and the 45.5% of first-time British tourists consider the price one of the reasons of visiting the Islands, whilst only a 20.2% of loyal German tourist and the 43.1% of loyal British tourist. This figures show the relative less importance of price as a reason of spending the holidays in the Balearic Islands as much the Islands are visited. After this analysis we are able to answer the question tourist who visit the Islands are mostly loyal tourists and the main reason for choosing the Islands is not the price, although British people are more sensitive to prices than German people.CONCLUSIONSThis paper has had two main objectives 1) Examine the influence on the package tour prices of the identity of the tour operator. 2) Determine the role that hotel chains play on the dete rmination of the prices. These have been studied through the price structure of tourist packages in the Balearic Islands offered by a representative sample of German and British tour operators. The conclusions reach after the analysis permit us to state in connection with hypothesis 1 that 1) the differences in price between tour operators are due to the different strategies that tour operators follow togain market share, 2) large tour operators have market power both in origins and in the Balearic Islands and 3) The type of tourist who visit the Island succeed in increasing mark up both to tour operators and hoteliers. We really believe that large European tour operators have market power both in origin and in destination markets, although the strategies of each tourist group can make the market seem competitive. Debbage (1990) also consider this when argued that the suppliers are potentially able to reap the advantages of their oligopolistic and oligopsonistic power to the detrime nt of consumers and destinations. Relative to hypothesis 2 we can conclude that the fact that a hotel belongs or not to a hotel chain is not appreciared by fixing higher prices in the brochures, that could show a great negotiation power towards tour operator. However, the obtained results reveal that offers in hotels that have any kind of agreement with the tour operator are in mean cheaper. That results permit us to conclude that hotel chains are more concerned in high occupancy rates than in high prices per room. It could be interesting in future research to complement or contrast the methodological analysis used here with alternative approaches to confirm the results reported in this paper.ANNEXFigure 1 Package tour prices for offers in a double room with half board in a three stars hotel by German tour operatorsFigure 2 Package tour price for offers in a double room with half board in a three stars hotel by British tour operatorsFigure 3 British tour operators dispersion graph b y star rating and type of boardFigure 4 German tour operators dispersion graph by star rating and type of boardBIBLIOGRAPHYAGUIL, P.M, J. ALEGRE y A. RIERA (2001) Determinants of the Price of German Tourist Packages on the island of Mallorca. touristry Economics, vol.7, issue 1, pp.59-74. BARDOLET, E. (1990) Demanda Turstica y Marketing Turstico. Papeles de Economa Espaola, vol. Baleares, pp. 219-230. BAUM, T. y R. MUDAMBI (1994) A Ricardian analysis of the fully inclusive Tour Industry. 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Wallingford CAB International.END NOTESi Los tres profesores son miembros del Departament dEconomia i Empresa de la Universitat de les Illes Balears. ii Govern de les Illes Balears (2000) El turisme a les Illes Balears, dades informatives, any 2000. iii Terramar, Spanien und Portugal Neckermann, Young and Sport Neckermann, Flugreisen Neckermann, Family Condor Individuell Air Marin, Spanien und Portugal Fischer Reisen, Flugreisen Kreutzer Bucher Reisen Smile anf Fly Jahn Reisen Maris Reisen THR Tours, Jet and Bett THR Tours, Urlaub Mal Anders Tjaerborg FTI FTI, Preis Pardise ITS, Spanien und Portugal DER, Der Sonnenseiten Alltours, Flugreisen 1,2 Fly TUI Schnen Ferien TUI Schnen Ferien lighten World ger Tours,Sommer 2000 Club Blaues Meer Reisen, Mallorca Shauinseland Reisen, Belearen Niag Reisen, Mallorca Phoenix, Flugreisen Sommer 2000 Airtours, summer insolate Archers Direct, Summer Sun Price Beaters Cosmos, Summer Sun JMC, Summer Sun JMC, Select JMC, Essentials Club 18-30 Skytours Thomson, Summer Sun Thomson, Small and Friendly Thomson a la fare Club Freestyle Portland Direct Just Virgin, Summer Sun Sovereign, Summer Sun First Choice, Summer Sun Eclipse, Summer Sun 2wentys. iv Sinclair et al (1990) point out that hotel rating is a gut indicator of the operate and facilities that the hotel offers. v Conselleria de Turisme (2000)vi Govern de les Illes Balears (1999) El turisme a les Illes Balears, dades informatives, any 1999. vii In each of the boxes, the central lineindicates the median of the distribution, while the height of the box represents the inter-quartile range, the area is proportional to the frequency of observations. The feet extend (at most) up to 1.5 times the inter-quartile range, aiding the detection o f observed extremes (marked as circles).